TANGERMANN. his having refused to acknowledge the Vatican's decrees, and afterwards he was prominently iden- tified with the Old-Catholic movement. From 1872 to 1888 he was in charge of the congrega- tion at Cologne. His numerous writings include: Wahrheil, tSchoiiheit und Liebe, Philosophisch- isthetische iStudien {1857): Philosophic und Chrtstentum in ihren Beziehiingen zur Kultur und Religionsfrage fl875) ; and Natur mid Qeist (1894). TANGERMUNDE, tjing'ernHin'de. A town in the District of JIagdeburg, Prussia, 63 miles west of Berlin, on the Elbe. The town still re- tains its old walls, gates, and towers, its twelfth- century Church of Saint Stephen, an ancient castle, now the district building, and the old council house. There are a large sugar refinery, mills for manufacturing rape-seed oil and bone meal, and boat-building establishments. Popu- lation, in 1900, 11,524. TANGHIIT (Malagasy name), Cerbera Tan- ghin. A tree of the natural order Apocynaceie. The Uenicl of its fruit was formerly used in Madagascar, where the tree is native, to de- termine the guilt or innocence of persons charged with witchcraft and like odious crimes. If guilty of anything the fear of the accused was often so intense that fatal results followed the taking of even minute quantities of the powdered kernels and sometimes also when innocuous sub- stances were substituted; but if innocent the accused would generally be fearless and eat free- ly, in w'hich case an emetic action followed by no serious after effects would result. TANGIER, tiin-jer', or TANGIERS. The chief seaport of Morocco, and the capital of the Province of Haabat, on the Bay of Tangier, in the Strait of Giibraltar, 8 miles east of Cape Spartel and 35 miles southwest of Giibraltar (Map: Africa, D 1). It is a healthful town in spite of wretched sanitary conditions. It is fortified and surrounded by ancient ruins of walls and by gardened areas. It is picturesquely Oriental and its life is highly interesting. The white Moorish houses, amid towers and gates, rise above one another from the sea in the form of an amphitheatre, the highest point being crowned by a castle. The houses are of one story; the streets, steep, and too narrow for wagons or carriages. The main street leads from the harbor on the east to the new market and to the Socco de Barra on the southwest. It passes the Great Mosque, whose handsome gate and tower are noteworthy. Near by is the Small Soc- co, with its interesting bazaars — the business centre of the town. The Kasba, or castle, dating from the fifteenth century, stands on the plateau in the northern part of the city. The plateau ex- tends from the lofty Marshan toward the sea, and furnishes a superb view The castle or cita- del is a dilapidated mass of buildings. The ad- jacent palace of the Sultan and the residence of the Governor are imposing edifices. The North American Mission and the Gospel Union of Kansas have their headquarters in Tangier, and there are a Catholic chapel, several syna- gogues, and a hospital. Tangier is lighted by electricity. The harbor is the best in Morocco, although it is both small and shallow. The an- nual exports are about $1,300,000. The imports are about $1,500,000, largely represented by cot- 22 TANJAY. ton. The shipping entered in 1900 was 424,000 tons. The famous Morocco leather is made here. Population, about 30,000, including 6000 Chris- tians and 7000 Jews. Tangier is the Roman Tingis, and was the capital of a Roman province. It was held in turn by the Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, and Portuguese, who obtained possession of it 1471. It came to the English in 1062 as part of the dowry of Catliarine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., but was abandoned by them to the Moors in 1684. TANGLEWOOD TALES, The. A volume of stories for cliildren by Hawthorne (1853). The stories are old C4reek myths told in an attractive style, and supposed to be brought to the author by Eustace Bright, the assumed narrator of the stories contained in the Wonder Book. TA'NIS. The Tyrian name of the goddess Astarte (q.v.). TANIS (Lat., from Gk. Tdiis, Egyptian Za'net, Hebrew Zo'an). A city of ancient Egypt in the northeastern corner of the Delta. It Avas situated on the right bank of the Tanitic branch of the Nile, near the site of the modern fishing village of San. Tanis was the capital of the fourteentli nome of Lower Egj'pt, and was a place of importance in very early times. The kings of the Sixth Dynasty founded there a great temple which was subsequently restored and en- larged by their successors of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties, and the city was for some time the capital of the Hyksos rulers. Under the Nineteenth Dynasty it was strongly fortified as a base of military operations against Palestine and Syria, and Rameses II., who established his resi- dence there, restored the ancient temples and greatly emlipllished the city. The TAventy-first D^'nasty, of Tanitic origin, made the city the capital of Egj'pt, and at the time of the Assyr- ian invasions in the seventh century B.C. it was the seat of a prince. Until the founding of Alexandria it was one of the chief commercial cities of Egv'pt, but the silting up of the Tanitic mouth of the Nile diverted its trade to the new capital of the Ptolemies, and it gradually fell into ruins. Excavations of the site, conducted by Mariette in 1800, and by Petrie in 1883-84, brought to light the remains of extensive temple buildings, many statues and sphinxes, and no less than fourteen obelisks. Tanis is undoubtedly the Biblical Zoan, which in Numbers xiii. 22 is said to have been built seven years later than Hebron, and it is identified by many Egyptologists with the city of Raanises. which the Israelites were obliged" to fortify (Ex. i. 11). Consult: Petrie, Tanis (London, '1885-88) ; Budge, A History of Egijpt (New York, 1902). TANISTRY (from tanist, from Ir., Gael. tanaiste. lieutenant, lord, governor, heir appar- ent). An ancient Celtic law of succession, com- mon to both Ireland and Wales, by which prop- erty or political power descended not to tlie children of the deceased, but to the oldest or most powerful of his collateral relatives. The rights thus transferred were felt to be vested rather in the tribe than in the individual. TANJAY, tan-Hi'. A town of Negros, Philip- pines, in the Province of Western Negrns. sit- uated 19 miles from Dumaguete (Map: Philip-
