TODD. 327 TOGA. wrote many books for children and young people. His complete works appeared in London (new ed. 1S82, 6 parts). Consult Autobiography (New York, 1876). TODD, Robert BE^-TLEY (1809-60). An Irish physician, born in Dublin, and educated there at Trinity College. In London he lectured on anatomy for a short time at the Alder.sgate Street School of iledicine and then went up to O.xford. About this time he projected the Vyclopwdia of Aniilomy ami Plnjsiotoyy — a work which did much to advance the study of comparative and microscopic anatomy. The first number was published in 1835 and the entire work was com- pleted in 1859. He was apiJointed professor of physiology and general and morbid anatomy at King's College, London, in 18.36. In 1849 he gave the Lumleiau lectures, and in 1853 he resigned his professorship in King's College. He was known for his pioneer work in the treatment of fevers and inllammations. His publications include: Gulstonian Lectures on the Physiology of the ,Stoiiinch (1839); Practical Remarks on, Goal, Rheumatic Fever, and Chronic Rheuma- tism of the Joints (1843); Description and Physiological Anatomy of the Brain. Spinal Cord, and Oanylions (1845) ; Lumleian Lectures on the Pathology and Treatment of Delirium and Coma (1850); and Clinical Lectures (3 vols. 1854-50, and 1 vol. 1861). TODDY-CAT. See Palm Civet. TOD'HUNTER, Isaac (1820-84). An Eng- lish mathematician. He was educated at L^ni- versity College, London, and at Saint John's College, Cambridge. He was elected Fellow of Saint John's in 1845, and the rest of his life was devoted to mathematical writing and teach- ing, aijd to the study of philosophy and of lan- guages. He was a fellow of the Royal Society (1862). Todhunter's text-books were the most popular ones ever published in England. They include, besides a number of elementary text- books: Differential and Integral Calculus (1852); Analytical Statics (18.53): Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions (1858) ; History of the Progress of the Calculus of Variations During the Nineteenth Century (1801) ; History of Probahiliiy (1865); History of the Mathe- matical Theories of Attraction (1873); Re- searches on the Calculus of Variations (1871); Treatise of Laplace's, Lame's, and BesseJ's Func- tions ( 1875) ; History of the Theory of Elasticity (posthumous, 1886). Consult: Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (1884, p. 284, with list of writings) ; Proceedings of the Royal Society (1884, xxvii.). TODHUNTER, John (1839—). A British poet, born in Dublin, Ireland. He graduated in medicine at Trinity College. Dublin, in 1866, and continued his medical studies in Vienna and Paris. After practicing his profession for a time in Dublin, he became professor of English litera- ture in Alexandra College, Dublin (1870-74). He traveled in the East and settled in London. His lyrical poems comprise: Lanrrlla and Other Poems (1876) : Fores* Songs (1881) : The Ban- shee and Other Poems (1888) : and Three Irish Bardic Tales (1896). His dramas include: Al- cestis (1879): Rienzi (1881): Helena in Troas (1885); A Sicilian Idnll (1890): The Poison Flower (I89I); The Black Cat (performed in 1893). His prose comprises: The Theory of the Beautiful (1872); .1 Study of Shelley (1880); and A Life of Patrick Sarsfield (1895). TODI, to'ds. A town in the Province of Perugia, Italy, situated on an abrupt hill near the Tiber, 23 miles simth of Perugia (Map: Italy, G 5). Its Etruscan origin is sliown in its dilapidated valls and nuuu'rous tombs. Its fine remains of the Roman period include a temple or basilica, a theatre, and an amphitheatre. The Romanesque cathedral has a Inige tower and frescoes by Lo Spagna. The Renaissance Church of Santa Maria della Consolazione, a massive structure surmounted by three domes, is simple but wonderfully impressive. The splendid Gothic Palazzo Comunale contains a small picture gal- lery. Todi, the LTmbrian Tuder, was the scene of the decisive victory of Narses over the Goths in 552. Population (commune), in 1901, 16,561. TOD'MORDEN, locally ta'mor-den. A mar- ket-town in Lancashire, England, on the border of Yorkshire, miles north-northeast of Roch- dale (Map: England, D 3). Cotton manufac- tures form the staple industry; coal abounds in the neighborhood, and there are foimdries and machine works. It owns gas and water-works, maintains a public library, and supports techni- cal instruction. Population, in 1901, 25,420. TODY (from Lat. todus, sort of small bird). Any of several species of small West Indian birds forming the family Todida and related to the kingfishers, bee-eaters, and motniots (qq.v.). They are less than three inches long with a short tail and long bill. The plumage is very gor- geous, grass-green, carmine-red, and white. They breed in holes in banks and lay white eggs. The best known species is the conunon green tody [Todus viridis) of Jamaica, which is a familiar and useful little bird, often called 'robin red- breast' by the English residents. The name 'tody' is incorrectly applied to rollers, barbets, and other brilliantly colored tropical birds, even in the East Indies. See Plate of Wrens, Warblers, etc. TOGA (Lat., mantle). The principal outer garment of the Roman citizen, yorn over a shirt [tunica). For ordinary citizens the toga was pure white in color [toga, virilis, toga pura) ; boys, and most of the magistrates, wore togas with an attached border of crimson ( toga prce- texta) . On certain occasions of especial fes- tivity magistrates appeared in .a toga entirely of crimson embroidered with gold (toga picta), worn over a tunica of similar character [ttmica palmata) . Candidates for pulilic office presented themselves in togas freshly laundered and arti- ficially whitened (candida, shining). On the other hand, persons in mourning for any reason wore carelessly arranged and soiled togas (sor- dida) , or even those of an artificially darkened color [pulla). The material of the toga was wool, closely woven, and fulled, with a combed nap, making it fat least in late Republican and early Imperial days) cumbrous, expensive, and (except in winter") too heavy a garment. The shape of the toga, like its size, the elaboration of its folds, and the way it was worn, difl"ered at different periods. It was less voluminous in earlier days. By the beginning of the Empire it must have been fully twice as long as the wearer was tall, and of an elliptical shape. It
