TOLSTOY. 333 TOMATO. plete works in 12 volumes with an introduction b}' the transhitor was published (New York, 1900). Most of Tolstoy's works are also obtain- able in French translations. There is a vast literature on Tolstoy and his works. The best books in Western languages are: He Vogufi, Le ronian rus.ie (Paris, 18GG) ; Lowenfeld^ G'e- spriiche mit Tolstoy (Berlin, 1891); id., L. N. Tolstoy, scbi, Lcbeii, st-ine Werkc, seine Welt- anschauunyen (ib., 1892) ; Eugen Zabel, Lit- terarische Utreifziige durch Russland; P. A. Sergevenko, ZZoic Tolstoy Lives and WorA's, trans- lated'by I. F. Hapgood (New York, 1899). Con- sult also: Howells, lly Literary Passions (New York. 1895) ; Ward, "The Gospel of Count Tol- stoy," in Prophets of the Nineteenth Century (ib., 1900). TOL'TEC, or TOLTECA, tol-t.Vka (People of Tollan. the modern Tuhi). An early cultured people of Mexico, the subject of considerable historical controversy. According to the general Mexican tradition they wei'e the most ancient civilized race of ilexico, preceding the arrival of the ruder Aztec, who derived their own best culture by absorption from the Toltec. Their capital was at the now ruined city of Tollan or Tula, whence their dominion extended over all the central plateau, eastward to the Gulf and southward to the ilaya border. After some cen- turies of flourishing existence their empire fell to pieces through internal dissensions and the invasion of barbarous northern tribes about the close of the tenth century, the survivors from war and famine being either incorporated by the conquering Aztec or driven southward to be- come the culture pioneers among the southern tribes as far as Guatemala. The entire subject of Toltec history is so interwoven with myth and disfigured by exaggeration and uncei'tainty of dates that it is difficult to arrive at any con- clusion, but enough remains to indicate that the Toltec had an important historic existence, either as a- distinct race finally absorbed by conquering invaders from the north, or, which is more probable, as the advance guard of the Nahuatlan stock (q.v.), preceding the arrival of the Aztec by several centuries. Consult Val- entini. The Olmecas and the Tultecas (Worces- ter, 1883). TOLUCA, to-loo'ka. The capital of the State of ilexico, Mexico, thirty-four miles south- west of the city of that name, on the Mexican National Railroad (ilap: Mexico. .J 8). It is a clean, well-built city, with an altitude of 8653 feet and a cool and healthful climate. Its Insti- tute and State buildings are interesting. The manufactories consist of breweries, cotton mills, and oil and flour mills. It is well loiown for its drawn work. In the vicinity is the extinct vol- cano Nevado de Toluca. a snow-capped peak 15,- 155 feet high. Tradition assigns the city a Toltec origin; it was an important Aztec pueblo called Tollan at the time of the Conquest. Population, in 1895, 23,150. TOM, Mount. A mountain peak on the west bank of the Connecticut River, in Hampshire County, ilass., about five miles south of North- ampton (Map: Massachusetts, B 3). It is 1214 feet high and afl'ords a splendid view of the Con- necticut Valley. Its summit is reached by a mountain railway. TOMAHAWK (Algonquian tomehagan, Mo- liegau tninniilirt/iiii, Delaware lamuihecan, toma- liawk; probably connected with Cree otonuihuk, knock him down, otumahicauo, he is knocked down). In general, the hatchet or axe made and used by the American natives. The aboriginal implement was usually of stone, either flaked and chipped, or battered and groimd or polished. The former type was usually of Hint or chert, with a constriction for holding the haft; the lat- ter was commonly of green stone, granite, or other tough material, grooved to receive the haft. This haft was usually of wood. In rougher specimens it was merely a withe doubled or bent around the implement and firmly attached with sinew or rawhide, sometimes with the aid of a wedge, but in the more elaljorate forms used in ceremonies and on the warpath it was care- fully wrought of tough wood and attached to the head by means of sinew or rawhide lashings. Itself a symbol of war, the tomahawk usually bore some emblem of peace, and the highest type combined the weapon and the pipe, the distmc- tive American symbol of amity. This type culmi- nated in the calumet ( q.v. ) . The native type served as a model for a trade implement manufactured of metal and imported for barter with the natives, especially during the seventeenth century, which in its turn became the model for artists, and to some extent for the tribesmen themselves. The tomahawk grades into the celt ( q.v. ) , and to some extent the implements were interchange- able; but while native copper was a not un- common material for the latter implements, cop- per tomahawks are extremely rare. See IjS- D1AN.S ; ABCH.i;OLOGY, AMERICAN. TOMASZOW, tom'a-shov. An important man- ufacturing town in the Govermnent of Piotr- kow, Russian Poland, 41 miles northeast of Piotrkow. It has extensive textile mills, with an annual output valued at over .$3,000,000. Population, in 1897, 21.041, including many Germans and Jews. It dates from the early part of the nineteenth century. TOMATO (Sp., Port, tomate, from Mexican tomatl, tomato), Lycopersicum esculentum. A semi-vine-like annual herb of the natural order Solanaceoe, native to South America in the region of the Andes. It was formerly called love ap- ple and was considered poisonous. It is now widely cultivated in aU temperate regions and considered one of the most wholesome and im- portant garden vegetables. Near the large cities it is extensively forced. The numerous varieties vary much in form from the red currant forms to the small yellow pear-shaped varieties and the larger red sorts. The red sorts with smooth round fruits somewhat flattened at the ends and varying from 2 to 4 inches in diameter are most in cultivation. The tomato is propagated from seed and in greenhouses often by cuttings. In the temperate regions these are usually start- ed in the greenhouse, hotbed, or cold frame, and the plants transferred to the field when the weather is warm and all danger from frost is past. The plants thrive best in a sandy soil, well fertilized. They are set in the field about five feet apart each way and in garden culture are often trained to stakes to keep the fruit off the ground. In the ITnited States tomatoes are more largely grown for canning than any other
