TOMB. 337 TOMLINE. brated open-air tombs of the Scaligers at Verona. The bronze shrine of Saint Sebaldus at Nurem- berg is a late Gotliic example of the canopy tomb. The Renaissance adopted these types, but altered their details and filled the churches of Italy, France, England, Germany, and 8|)ain with splendid monuments, some of great refine- ment and Ijeauty, others marvelouslj' rich and even ostentatious, to the memory of the great dead. The fifteenth-century wall-tombs of Italy are especially beautiful, and such churches as Santa Croce at Florence. Santi Giovanni c Paolo at Venice, Santa Maria del Popolo at Rome, and
estminster Abbey became great repositories
of sepulchral art. Sculpture played an increas- ing part in these works, and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was lavishly employed in allegorical groups, often theatrical and vul- gar. In modern cemeteries, besides the ordinary graves with their gravestones or obelisks, are to be seen tombs shaped like classic shrines, and oc- casionally more elaborate structures fronted or surmounted by elaborate groups of allegorical sculpture. Among important mausolea may be mentioned the impressive dome of the Invalides at Paris, serving as the tomb of the great Na- poleon, and the less successful Grant mausoleum in New York. Neither of these compares in splendor, however, with the Oriental tombs men- tioned above. Modern sepulchral art is inferior to mediaeval. Renaissance, or Oriental art. The modern preference is to erect imposing monu- ments to the dead in the frequented squares of populous cities, rather than over their quiet graves in remote cemeteries. Consult: Brindley and Weatherly, Ancient Hepulchral Moniime-iits (London, 1887) ; Tosi and IJecchio, Altars, Tab- ernacles, and Tombs (Lagny, 1843) ; Trendall, Monuments, Cenotaphs, Tombs, and Tablets (London, 1858) ; Boussard, Architecture fune- raire (Paris, 1875) ; and for Greek and Roman tombs, Stackelberg, Die (Iriiber dcr Bellenen (Berlin, 1837); Rossi, Roma, sottcrancn cristi- ana (Rome, 1887-88). See Bubial; Campo San- to: Cemetery; Cenotaph; Necropolls; Pyra- Min: Sepulchral Mound. TOMBAC (Fr. tombac, Sp. tumbaga. Port. tainbncn, tanibaque, from Malay tamhaya, tam- haga, copper, from Skt. tumrika, tamra, copper). An alloy of copper and zinc, ^'hite tombac con- tains about 75 parts of copper and 25 parts of arsenic. It is used in making imitation jewelry. TOMBIGKBEE. One of the chief rivers of Alabama (Map: Alabama, A3). It rises in the northeastern corner of Mississippi and flows in a south-southeast direction with numerous abrupt windings. After a course of 450 miles it joins the Alabama River to form the network of channels composing the Mobile and Tensas, which empty through several arms into Mobile Bay. The largest trib- utary is the Black Warrior, which drains the north central part of Alabama. The Tombigbee is navigable to Aberdeen, Miss., 410 miles from Mobile Bay. TOM BKOWN'S SCHOOL DAYS. A noted story of life at the famous Rugby School under the rule of Thomas Arnold, by Tliomas Hughes (1856). The vein was continued in Tom Brown at Oxford, by the same author (1861). TOMBS, The. A noted city prison in New York, criftcd in 1838, and so named from its massive and gloomy appearance. The low Egyp- tian structure of granite has been replaced by a modern edifice of greater height. It is connected with the new Criminal Courts by a covered pass- age known as the Bridge of Sighs. TOMBS, Sir Henry (1824-74). An English soldier, born at sea and educated at the India Companj-'s Military College at Addiscomb. In 1841 he entered the service of the East India Company as second lieuten:int and soon distin- guished himself. In the Sepoj' Mutiny he won the Victoria Cross by his gallant conduct at the siege of Delhi in 1857. Afterwards he took part in the capture of Lncknow. the relief of Shah- jahanpur, and in an expedition to Shakabad. In 1863 he was made brigadier-general and in 1867 major-general. During his later years he was in conunand of several important expedi- tions in India, but in 1872 resigned his comm:ind and returned to England, where he died. Con- sult: Mallerson, History of the Indian Mutiny (London, 1878-80) ; Stubbs, History of the Ben- gal Artillery (London, 1877); and Roberts, Forty-one Years in India (London, 1898). TOMCOD (probably from North American Indian taeaud, plenty-fish, or perhaps from torn + cod). One of the small codfish of the genus Microgadus, as Microgadus tomcodus of the At- lantic Coast, or Microgadus proximus of the Pa- cific. They are very abundant and of consider- able importance as food. See Plate of Codfish and Allies. TOM CEINGLE'S LOG. A sea yarn by Michael Scott, which first appeared in Black- wood's Magazine. The hero, as an officer of the British Navy, in the early part of the nineteenth century, passes through many adventures by sea and land, principally in the West Indies. As a picture of West Indian life in the old days and for descriptions of tropical scenery it has no equal in the English language. TOME, to-ma'. A modern seaport of the Province of Concepcion, Chile, 12 miles north of the city of that name. It has made notable commercial progress and is now the principal grain port of the surrounding provinces. Muni- cipal population, in 1885, 55.30. TOME INSTITUTE. See Jacob Tome In- stitute, TOMELLOSO, to'mel-yo'so. A town in the Province of Ciudad Real (La Mancha), Spain, in the district of Alcazar de San Juan. The town dates from the sixteenth century and is well built. The chief industry is the cultivation of the vine and of cereals, and there are manufac- tures of spirits, leather goods, and cloths. Popu- lation, in IflOO, 13,917. TOM JONES. A noted novel by Henry Fielding (1749). The hero is a foundling, eventually discovered to be the illegitimate nephew of Squire Allworthy, who brings him up. He has a generous and manly character, spoiled by various forms of dissipation. TOM'LINE„ Sir George Pretyman (1750- 1827). An English divine, Pretyman by name, who assumed the cognomen of Tomline on falling heir to an estate in 1803. He was born at Bury Saint Edmunds and was educated in that town
