TONTINE. 34:7 TOOKE. cities of the United States were erected by means of capital raised in that way. At the present time they are almost unknown, partly because the abundance of capital has made it unnecessary to resort to them, partly because the large ele- ment of uncertainty involved in them is incon- sistent with the spirit of modern business. TONTY, or TONTI, toN'te', Henri de (c.1650- c.1704). A companion of La Salle (q.v.) in the exploration of the Mississippi Valley. He was a native of Gaeta, in Italy, and at an early age entered the military service of France. In July, 1(378, he went with La Salle to Quebec and with him went to the Niagara River, where a vessel was built under Tonty's direction (.January, 1079). In the autumn of the same year Tonty sailed up along the eastern shore of Lake Michi- gan and met his chief at the Saint Joseph River. In March, 1680, he was left by La Salle in com- mand of Fort Crfevecoeur, in the Illinois country. Forced to flee by a mutiny among his soldiers, he made his way to Green Bay, where he passed the winter of 1080-81, and in May met La Salle at Micliiliinackinac. In 1682 he was with La Salle in the memorable voyage down the Missis- sippi and in May of that j-ear he was dispatched to Mackinac for supplies. In December Fort Saint Louis was erected at Starved Rock, on the Illinois, and Tonty was left in charge. In 1685 he took part in an expedition of the Illinois Indians against the Senecas and in 1087 he was with Denonville in the expedition against the English colonies. In February of the preceding year he had descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. He continued to live among the Illi- nois Indians till 1702, when he joined Iberville in Louisiana. Spurious memoirs were published under his name at Paris in 1697 under the title, Derniire dicouverte de la Salle dans I'Am^rique septentrionale. His real memoirs were published by Margry in Origines frangaises des pays d'outremer (Paris, 1877-79). TOOKE, John Hokne (1736-1812). An Eng- lish etymologist and political adventurer. He was born in London, and was the son of John Home, a poulterer. He was educated at West- minster and Eton, and at Saint John's College, Cambridge. He entered the Church strongly against his own wish, and in 1760 became curate at New Brentford. In 1763 he traveled in France for a year as the tutor of the son of John Elwes, and two years later, while acting as the tutor of another boy, he met John Wilkes (q.v.). When Wilkes stood as a candidate for the County of Middlesex, Tooke zealously aided him, but the pair afterwards quarreled. Tooke still, however, continued to meddle in political affairs, and ventured to encounter Junius, with whom some have even sought to identify him. In 1773 he resigned his living at New Brentford, and com- menced the study of law. About this time he rendered some important private service to Tooke of Purley in Surrey, who intended to make him his heir. In consequence he adopted the surname of Tooke, by which he is now known. In 1775 he was fined and imprisoned in the King's Bench for publishing an advertisement in which he accused the King's troops of barbar- .ously murdering the . iericans at Lexington. While in prison he penned his celebrated Letter to Mr. Dunning (dated April 21, 1778), in which Vol. XIX.— 21. are to be found the germs of his Diversions of Purley. On his release Tooke made an attempt to gain admission to the bar, but was refused on the ground of his clerical orders. Soim afterwards he returned to political writing, and in a Letter on I'arliamcniury Reform advocated universal suffrage. In the struggle between Pitt and Fox he wrote pamphlets on the side of the former, but soon got to hate Pitt, as he had learned to hate most other public men. In 1780 appeai'ed the first volume of his famous E-pea Pteroenta, or the Diversions of Purley (vol. ii., 1805), a work on the analysis and ety- mology of English words. Tooke's passion for politics soon drew him from literature into pub- lic life, and in 1801 he, the great enemy of rotten boroughs, entered Parliament for the most notori- ous rotten borough in England — Old Sarum; but he made no figure there. The best edition of the Diversions of Purley is that of Taylor (London, 1840). , Consult Stephens, Memoirs of John Iloriic Tooke (London, 1813). TOOKE, Thomas (1774-1858). A British economist. He was born in Saint Petersburg. In 1804 he became partner in a prominent Rus- sian house in London; later he became director of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation; president of the Calhamie Dock Company; mem- ber of the managing board of the London and Birmingham Railway. He was a member of the first great Factory Commission, and president of the commission appointed to inquire into the evils of child labor in factories. From his practical ex- perience in the Russian trade Tooke developed a strong antipathy to governmental interference in foreign commerce. He was author of the Merchants' Petition in favour of Free Trade, presented to Parliament in 1820. He was chiefly interested, however, in questions relating to money and banking. In these subjects he is regarded as one of the best authorities of the times. He was the leading opponent of the 'quantity theory' of money, and was a harsh critic of Paul's Banking Act of 1844. He was author of several works on currency problems, of which the most important are his On the Ciir- reney in connection loith the Corn Trade, and on the Corn Laws (1820) ; Considerations on the State of the Currency (1826) ; An Inquiry into the Currency Principles and the Connection of the Currenct/ with Price (1844); A History of Prices— 1793-18.56 (1838-1857), six vols., the last two written in collaboration with W. Newraarch. TOOKE, William (1744-1820). An English historian, born at Islington, London, and edu- cated there at an academy. Taking holy orders in 1771, he became chaplain to the English church at Kronstadt, in Russia, and three years later chaplain to the English merchants at Saint Petersburg. Coming into possession of a fortune, he resigned in 1792, and returned to London, where he devoted the rest of his life to literature. His most valuable work was in Russian history, based upon research in the Imperial Library at Saint Petersburg. It embraces mainly The Life of Catharine IL, partly a translation from the French (1708); .4. View of the Rus- sian Empire During the Reign of Catharine II.. and- to the Close of the Present Century (1799) ; and A History of Russia from the Fcnin- dation of the Monarchy by Rurik to the Acces-
