TOBRIGIANO. 364 TORSO. quarrel in which Michehingelo received perma- nent disfigurement. Torrigiano fled to Rome, where he modeled the stuccoes in the Borgia Tower for Pope Alexander VI. He was taken by Florentine merchants to London, where he worked for King Henry VIII., executing the bronzes for the tomb of Henry VII. in ^^'estmin- ster Abbej'. He also made a bronze monument for the Duchess of Richmond, and works in marble and wood. He afterwards did some work in the Cathedral of Seville, and executed figures of Saint Jerome and Saint Leo for the Girolamiti of that city. Imprisoned on a charge of heresy by the Duke of Arcos, for destroying a statue of the Virgin for which he considered himself under- paid, Torrigiano starved to death in confinement. TOR'KINGTON. A borough in Litchfield County, Conn., 20 miles west of Hartford, on the Naugatuck River, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Jlap: Con- necticut, C 2). It has a public library with more than 5200 volumes, and a fine municipal building. Torrington is extensively interested in manufacturing, its various industries in the census year 1900 having had an invested capital of $6,544,511. and an output valued at $10,017,- 121. The leading products are brass articles, hard- ware, needles, bic.ycles, novelties, woolen cloth, and machine tools. The government is vested in a warden and burgesses, who hold office for one year. Population, in 1890, 4283; in 1900, 8360. Torrington was settled in 1737, and was incorpo- rated in 1740 as a town, and in 1887 as a bor- ough. Consult Orcutt, History of Torrington (Albany, 1878). TOKRINGTON, Frederick Herbert (1837 — ). An English musician, born at Dudley, Worcestershire. In 1853 he became organist at Saint Anne's, Bewdley, and in 1856 organist at Great Saint James's Church in Montreal, Canada. He was organist and musical director at King's Chapel, Boston, until 1873 : afterwards he be- came organist and choirmaster at the Metropoli- tan Church at Toronto, Canada, and conducted the Philharmonic Society there. He founded in 1886 the first Toronto musical festival, and, in 1888, instituted the Toronto College of Music. Among his works are organ-music, choruses, hymn-tunes, and services. TORSION BALANCE. An instrument orig- inall.v designed liy tlie Rev. John ilitchell and after his death improved by Henry Cavendish, who used it in performing the well-known Cav- endish experiment of determining the mass of the earth. The apparatus was reinvented by Coulomb, and is often known by his name, hav- ing been used by him to study electrical and magnetic attractions. It consists of a horizontal rod suspended b.v a fine wire or in the most recent experiments a fibre of quartz, and carry- ing at either end two small spheres having a mass equivalent to one gram. Adjacent to but on opposite sides of these small masses are two large spheres of lead which attract the two smaller masses and cause the horizontal rod to deflect, the movement being observed by a mir- ror and telescope and scale as in the case of the reflecting galvanometer. The force of attraction between two different masses can thus be ascer- tained, and as the attraction of ilie earth for a unit mass as well as its radius is known, we can thus determine the mass of the earth. In electricity, charged conductors were substituted for the masses, and to study the strength and action of magnetic poles a long thin magnet was suspended and a similar magnet placed in a ver- tical position near one of its poles. The amount TORSION BALANCE. of force exerted was ascertained by finding the angle through which it was necessary to turn the head carrying the wire in order to keep the sus- pended bar at its original position. The Caven- dish experiment enables the physicist to com- pute the mass of the earth and to determine also its mean density, which according to Boys is 5.5268. TORSK (Swed., Dan. forsk, dialectic Swed. trosk, Icel. thorskr, Jj.G., Ger. Dorsch, torsk, cod- fish, haddock ; connected with Russ. treska, cod- fish, Skt. tars, to thirst, and ultimately with Eng. thirst), or CiSK. A small cod {Brosmius brosme) of the European side of the North At- lantic, taken in deep water and regarded as valuable. It is usually about 20 inches long, and is distinguished by its long dorsal fin and yellow color. TORSO (It., stump, trunk.) An ancient statue of which only the body remains. Of such imperfect relics of classic art, the most famous is the Torso of the Belvedere in the Vatican, the work of Apollonios, son of Nestor, an Athenian. It is a masterpiece of the later Greek sculpture (first century B.C.), showing a thorough mastery of the treatment of the nude in all its details, though without the ideality of the best period. It represents a man of gigantic build, seated on a rough rock over which a skin is throvn. It is usually called Hercules, though Sauer prefers to consider it Polyphemus. No successful or convincing restoration has yet been made. The common story that it was discovered in the Campo del Fiore at the beginning of the six- teenth century and placed, by order of Pope .Julius II.. in the Vatican, is certainly wrong. It is only known that it was formerl.v in the pos- session of the Colonna family, and was brought
