TOULOUSE. 376 TOURCOING. water, Toulouse being the centre of this traffic. Much of tlie commerce from interior France to Spain also passes through Toulouse. The trade of the city is very extensive in wine and grain. There are two historic mills on the river. One is known to have existed in 1182; the other traces its origin back to the ninth century. There are a national tobacco factory, employing about 1300 persons, iron and copper foundries, a cannon foundry, and carriage and farm ma- chinery works. Stained glass is also manufac- tured. The population in 1001 was 147,000. Hi.sTORY. Toulouse, the ancient Tolosa, was long prominent before the Romans came into Gaul. It was taken by the Consul Cfepio in B.C. 100, and he despoiled its great shrine of the rich treasures for which it had been famous. It be- came the chief city of the Visigoths in 419 and it fell into the hands of the Franks in 507. It was long important as the seat of the counts of Toulouse. In the early part of the thirteenth century it suffered terribly in the Albigensian troubles. In 1502 4000 Huguenots were killed in Toulouse. The Protestant Jean Calas, made famous by the noble exertions of Voltaire, was broken on a wheel here in 1702, on an unjust charge. At Toulouse Soult made an unsuccess- ful stand against Wellington on April 10, 1814. Consult: Toulouse j histoire, archiologie monu- mentale, facultes, etc. (Toulouse, 1887); Du M6ge. Bistoire des institutions de Toulouse (Toulouse, 1844) ; .Jourdan, Panorama historique de Toulouse (Toulouse, 1877). TOULOUSE, County of. A feudatory State, which played a prominent role among the prin- cipalities of mediaeval France. It was established by Charles the Great in 778, and its rulers be- came hereditary about the middle of the ninth century. The dominion of the counts finally ex- tended over the whole of Languedoc, over Rou- ergue, and over part of Guienne and Provence. Count Raymond IV. had a distinguished share in the First'Crusade (1006-00). He died in 1205. His son, Bertrand, established the principality of Tripolis, on the coast of Syria. Raymond VI. (1194-1222) is celebrated as a patron of the Pro- vencal poets and in connection with the Albigen- sian wars. Having refused to take severe meas- ure against the Albigenses, he incurred the wrath of the Church, which let loose against him the crusading forces of Simon de Jlontfort, to whom Raymond's possessions were transferred by Pope Innocent 111. Raymond was unable to make head against the invaders, who overran and laid waste his country, Simon de Montfort fell at the siege of Toulouse in 1218, and not long after Raymond succeeded in recovering a part of his lands. He enjoyed his regained power, however, only for a brief time, dying in 1222. His son Raymond VII. (1222-49) secured possession of most of the do- minions of his house, but in 1220 he was forced to cede a large part to Louis IX. of France and acknowledge him as his overlord. His daughter and heiress, Jeanne, was married to the King's brother, Alphonse, Count of Poitou, on whose death, in 1271, the County of Toulouse was united with the French crown, TOULOUSE, University of. A French uni- versity, founded as a result of the Albigensian heresy and the crusade against Toulouse, as a bulwark of orthodoxy, by Pope Gregory IX,, in 1230.33. It is the first of European universi- ties founded by deliberate purpose, and thus be- came the model for later foundations. It was made up chielly of migrants from Paris, and was for many years not very prosperous. Its chief purpose was originall}' theological, but it de- veloped into a noted school of law, and eventually took up the royal as against Papal interests. It was particularly rich in colleges, no fewer than ten well-endowed foundations being enumerated. At tlie Najjoleonic reorganization it was, like other miiversities, merged into the national system. It includes now four regular faculties, law, phi- losophy, mathematics — science and medicine — pharmacy, besides the faculty of Protestant the- ology of Montauban, and the two 'free faculties of theology and philosophy.' In 1001 it had a budget of 1,011,013 francs and 2040 students. TOUR, toor, Maurice Quentin de la. See La Tour, Maurice Quentin de. TOURACOO, or Touraco. Same as Turaco (q.v,). TOURAINE, too-ran'. One of the former provinces of France, corresponding to the present Department of Indre-et-Loire. The district has received the name of the 'Garden of France.' The capital was Tours (q,v, ). After having been under the rule of its own counts Touraine was united about the middle of the eleventh century with Anjou. Along with Anjou, it passed in 1154 to England. It was reacquired by France half a century later, was made a duchy in 1356, and was definitively imited with the crown in 1584. See "Map of France, Showing Former Provinces," imder France. TOURANE, too-r;in', or TouRAN. A town of Annam, 40 miles .southeast of Hue (q.v.). It is well built and extends along the left bank of the river for two miles. There are large sub- stantial markets, a silk filature, an opium farm, etc. Numerous steamers maintain communica- tion with Europe and the adjacent ports, and there is an extensive commerce carried on in sugar, rattan, bamboo, areca nuts, silk, and cassia. Tea, coft'ee, and the mulberry are culti- vated in the neigliborhood. Population, in 1807, 4050, of whom 100 were Europeans. TOURASSIAN EPOCH. The name applied to an epoch of European prehistoric arclueology at the end of the Paleolithic period, just before the close of the Quaternary. It is so named from the rock shelter of Tourasse, at Saint-Martory, Haute-Garonne, France. The climatic conditions were very much as at present, and the fauna of to-day was abundant. Industry and art declined and caused a hiatus between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic periods. TOURCOING, toor'kwaN'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Nord, France, 7^^ miles northeast of Lille (Map: France. K 1 ) . It is practically a part of the great industrial centre Roubaix, The town has a fine modern Gothic church, a large new town hall, a chamber of arts and manufactures, and schools of painting, drawing, music, and archi- tecture. In 1860 a monument was erected to commemorate the defeat here in 1704 of the Eng- lish and Austrians by .lourdan and Moreau, The wool-manufacturing output of this district rep- resents nearly the entire output of Northern
