TOURNAMENT. 37.S TOUKS. Henry II. of France, in 1559, consequent on the loss of his eye at a tournament, led to their general abandonment, both in France and else- where. JIiLiTART Tournaments. The modern military tournament embraces all the personal skill in the use of arms of the ancient chivalric tournament and has much of its pageantry. New inventions and contact with many nations have incorporated into military necessities and pastimes many nov- elties unknown in ancient times, and these find their supreme exposition in the national tourna- ments of both America and England. There is no mystery about the origin of the modern mili- tarv tournament : data, place, and reason are alfavailable. In 1878 the Staff of the Military Gymnasium, Aldershot. gave an exhibition of military- exercises at the Albert Hall in London in aid of the widows and orphans of the British soldiers killed in the Zulu war. It was of necessity very limited in its functions; but the next year a fully organized competition in the use of weapons of offense and defense, between all branches of the service, cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineers, and hospital corps, was held. The programme was (and still is) practically divided into two parts: one coming strictly within the line of military duty, such as feats of strength and skill with sword, lance, sabre, and bayonet, and horsemanship, including riding and driving: the other division consisting of sports and pastimes, such as tent-pegging, mounted wrestling, etc. To such an extent did the de- sire to compete extend in Great Britain that it has become necessary to impose the restriction of passing through and obtaining the first place in merit in a district tournament as a condition precedent to competition at the national tourna- ment. The peg ised in tent-pegging is an ordi- nary wooden tent-peg three inches broad and a foot long, driven nearly perpendicular into the ground until less than one-half of it is in sight. The trooper rides at the gallop, strikes it if possible, and without relaxing the grasp of his lance or the speed of his horse, wrenches the peg out of the ground and carries it away on his lance point. In America the military tourna- ment held each year in Madison Square Garden, New York, has become a recognized institution. It differs from the British tournament in that the latter consists of competitions as well as of exhibition performances, while in America it is made up entirely of exhibition work. The cadets of West Point invariably take part in the tournaments, which have been regular!}' held since 1807. TOTJRNAY, toor'na', or TOUKNAI. The capital of an arrondissement and the largest town in the Province of Hainault. Belgium, 48 miles south bj' west of Ghent, on the .Scheldt River, here spanned by scA-eral bridges (Map: Belgium, B 4), The most striking edifice is the twelfth-century Cathedral of Notre Dome, in ' the Romanesque style. The nave, dating from 1146, and the facade with its porch and sculp- tures are of special interest. Other architectural features of the town include the twelfth-century belfry, the Church of Saint Quentin. in the Trans- itional style, the Church of Saint Brice, with the tomb of Childeric, and the Church of Saint Jacques. The thirteenth-century bridge, the art gallery, the museum of natural history, and the old monastery buildings, now utilized as the municipal headquarters, are also noteworthy, The public library has 60,000 volumes. Manu- facturing is the principal industry, the town being noted for its carpets and high-grade porce- lain. Cotton and woolen goods, linen, and liquors are also produced. Population, in 1900, 37.069. Tournay, the ancient Civitas Nervioi'um or Tur- naciim, was for a time the capital of the king- dom of the Franks. A bishopric was founded here in 484. The town was at various times and for long periods a possession of France, which tinally relinquished it in 1748. It is famous for the gallant defense made by its garrison, under the Princess d'Epinoy, against Alexander of Par- ma in 1581. TOURNEFORT, toUrn'fOr', Joseph Pitton DE ( 1050-1708). A French botanist, born at Aix, Provence. After having explored the flora of his native district, he was sent, at the King's expense, to Spain, Portugal, England, and Holland, the Grecian Archipelago, and Thrace, the shores of the Black Sea, and Asia Minor, and other parts of the East, adding many species to the list of known plants. He publislied several botanical works, and a Voijaije to the Levant (1717). His botanical system, which maintained its ground till the time of Linnaeus, was of great use in pro- moting the progress of botany; but he rendered still greater service to science by grouping plants in genera. TOTJRNEUR, ter'ner, Ctrii, (1575?-1626). An English dramatist. He found employment in the Low Countries, and served as secretary to Sir Edward Cecil in the expedition to Cadiz (1625). He is the author of two plays: The Atheist's Tragedie (written about 1G03; pub- lished 1611) and The Revenger's Tragedie (pub- lished 1607). The latter is a powerful though lurid tragedy. Tourneur also wrote elegies and other non-dramatic pieces. Consult his Plays and Poems, edited by J, C, Collins (2 vols., London, 187S) ; and the two plavs edited, with Webster, by J. A. Symonds ("Mermaid Series," ib., 1888). TOURNIQUET (Fr. tourniquet, turnstile, tourniquet, from tourner, to turn). An instru- ment for compressing an artery of the thigh or arm, either for the purpose of preventing too great a loss of blood in amputation, or checking dangerous hemorrhage from accidental wounds, or stopping the circulation through an aneurism. The common tourniquet consists of three parts — viz. (1) a pad to compress the artery, (2) a strong band which is buckled round the limb, and (3) a bridge-like contrivance over which the band passes, with a screw whose action raises the bridge and consequently tightens the band. To prevent the loss of venous blood during an amputation, it is customary to elevate the limb to a vertical position or to strap it with an elas- tic bandage for several minutes before the tour- niquet is applied. The older forms of tourniquet are now almost universally replaced by a simple rubber strap or piece of rubber tubing which is passed several times around the limb under ten- sion and fastened. This general type is known as Esmarch's tourniquet. TOURS, toor. A city of France, the capital of the Department of Indre-et-Loire. It is 147
