TOWN HALL. 384 TOWNSEND. Louvain, Ghent, Bruges, and Oudenarde and the hue Renaissance stnictuie at Antwerp. In Great Britain it was not until the nineteenth centuiy that the town hall became important: it forms one of the most interesting and successful sub- jects of recent architectural design, as, for ex- ample, at Sheffield and at Oxford. The splendid new town hall at Hamburg is the finest of recent German works in tlie same line, far superior to the modern Gothic town hall at Vienna. In the United States the Philadelphia City Hall is the largest and ugliest of modern exam- ples; that at New York, dating from 1800, one of the most refined and elegant. The earlier town halls of the United States follow Colonial or 'Greek revival' models; the more recent are in the style of the French Renaissance or in what may be called the neo-Roman style. The major- ity lack distinctive architectural merit of a high order, but recent designs show improvement, and there are a few among them wortliy of high praise. See Municipal Architecture. TOWN'LEY, Ch.^rles (1737-1805). An Eng- lish collector of classical antiquities, born in Lancashire. He was educated on the Continent under the tutorship of .Tohn Tuberville Need- ham, and upon visiting Rome and Florence, in 1765, became interested in the study of an- tiquities. He received much helpful advice from Winekelmann and other archa>ologists, and in 1708 began his collection of antiquities. After re- turning to England in 1772, he bought two houses in London, where he established his museum. He made frequent visits to Rome, and until 1780 continued to add to his acquisitions, including the Nollekens (q.v.) collection. In 1786 he was made a member of the Society of Dilettanti, and in 1791 trustee of the British Museum. He died in Westminster. .January 3, 1805. The Townley marbles and terracottas were purchased for the British Museum for £20,000, and in 1814 his bronzes, coins, gems, and drawings were also acquired. His collections in the Museum are described and illustrated by Ellis, Tou-nej Gal- lery (London, 1846). TOWNLEY, James (1774-1833). An Eng- lish minister of the Wesleyan denomination. He was born in :Manchester. His early education was gained in the school of the Rev. David Simpson, of Macclesfield. He joined the Wesleyan Con- ference in 1706, and was elected secretary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, 1827. As a scholar he was second only to Adam Clarke in the de- nomination. His" most important work was lUuslmtions of Biblical Literature, Exhihiting the Hi.itorji and Fate of the Sacred Writings, Including iS!otices of Translators and Other Emi- nent Biblical Scholars (3 vols., 1821; 2 vols., 1842). TOWNLEY, James (1714-78). An English clergyman, born in Barking, near London. He was "educated at the ^Merchant Taylors' School, London, and at Saint John's College, Oxford. After holding various preferments in the Church, he was appointed, in 1760, head-master of the Merchant Taylors' School, and in 1772-77 was viear of Hendon, in Middlesex. He is best re- membered as the author of the satirical farce Eigh Life Belcw Stairs (Drury Lane, October 31, 17.59) . which has been translated into French and German, and has been performed throughout the world. It was formerly attributed to Garrick. Two other farces written by Townley did not succeed. Consult Genest, Account of the English Stage, o. iv. (Bath, 1832). TOWNS'END, Edward Waterman (1855 — ). An American journalist and novelist, nota- ble for his studies of lower New York life and dialect. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. After a common-school education, he became engaged in journalism in New York, and attracted atten- tion by sketches of Bowery life done in the pic- turesque slang of the streets, and contributed to the SiDi and the Journal. These are collected in part under the titles Chimmie Fadden and Major Max (1895) ; Chimmie Fadden Explains, Major Max Expounds (1895) ; and Near a Whole City- Full (1897). A Daughter of the Tenements (1896) and Days Like These (1901) are novels, also of New York life. Later books are Chimmie Fadden and Mr. Pard (1902) and Lees and Leaven (1903). TOWNSEND, George Alfred (1841 — ). An American journalist, born in Georgetown, Del. He was educated in Philadelphia, and was suc- cessively connected with the Inquirer and Press of that city, the New York Herald and World, and the Chicago Tribune. He first gained dis- tinction as a war correspondent. Among his books the most noteworthy are: Campaigns of a Kon-Combatant (1865) ; Poems (1870) ; Wash- ington Outside and Inside (1871) ; Tales of the Chesapeake (1880) ; The Entailed Hat (1884) ; and a drama. President Cromwell (1885). Much of his newspaper correspondence was over the signature Gath. TOWNSEND, Luther Tract (1838—). A Methodist Episcopal theologian, educator, and author. He was born at Orono, Me., graduated at Dartmouth College, 1859, Andover Theological Seminary, 1862, and served as adjutant in the army, 1863-64. He entered the New England Conference, 1862, was professor of Hebrew and Greek in Boston University School of Theology, 1867, professor of historical theology, 1868, pro- fessor of practical theology, 1869-93, emeritus 1893 — . The best known of his publications are: Credo (1869) ; Suord and Garment (1871) ; The Supernatural Factor in Reinvals (1877); The Intertnediate World (1878) ; Pulpit Rhetoric (1886) ; Story of Jonah in the Light of Higher Criticism (1897) ; Evolution in Creation (1899) ; Anastasis (1900). TOWNSEND, Thomas Seaman (1830—). An American compiler, born in New York City. From 1860 to 1901 he collected and arranged all important items concerning the Civil War that appeared in the newspapers of the country, thus forming a chronological history of incalculable value to future historians. This enormous col- lection of one hundred and twenty-five volumes is now in the Columbia University Library. It is entitled the Toic-nscnd Library of National, State, and Individual Civil War Records. He published Honors of the Empire State in the War of the Rebellion (1889). TOWNSEND, William Kkeeland (1849—). An .American jurist, bom at New Haven, Conn. He graduated at Yale College in 1871 and the Yale Law School in 1874. Jie engaged in legal practice at New Haven, and in 1892 was ap-
