TOXIN. 390 TRACERY. been isolated in hog cholera, and the toxin mullein or niorvin is contained in the cell of the glanders bacterium. See Antitoxin; Bacteria; Immunity; and Serum Therapy. TOXODONTIA, tok'so-don'shl-a (Xeo-Lat. nom. pL. from Gk. tS^ov, tojcon, bow + d5ovs, odoiis, tooth). An extinct suborder of ungulate mammals found fossil in the Tertiary deposits of Argentina and Patagonia, South America. Toxodon was a heavily built animal as large as a rhinoceros, with a large heavy head placed on a short neck which sloped down from the shoul- ders, so that the head was much lower than the back. The teeth are large, compressed later- ally, and either triangular or prismatic in sec- tion, and they grew from persistent pulps. The bones of the skeleton are all massive, the legs short and thick, and the feet are three-toed. Nesodon, an earlier genus than Toxodon, was of smaller size and less robust build. TOXOPH'ILTTS. A work in two books on archery by Koger Ascham (q.v.), in the form of conversations between Philologus and Toxophilus on the attractions of books and archeiy (q.v.). TOY, Crawford Howell (1836—). A dis- tinguished American Oriental scholar. He was born in Norfolk, Va., and graduated at the Uni- versity of Virginia in 1856. He studied at Ber- lin in 1866-68. became professor of Hebrew at the Southern Baptist Theologicnl Seminary in 1869, and professor of Hebrew and Oriental lan- guages and lecturer on biblical literature at Har- vard in 1879. His publications include a transla- tion and revision of Erdmann's commentary on Samuel in Lange's series (1877) ; an edition of Wurrav's Oriciin of the Psalms (1880) : The Re- ligion 'of Israel (1882; 3d ed. 1884) ; Quotations from the Old Testament in the Sew Testament (1884) ; Judaism and Christianiti/, a Sketch of the Prof/ress of Thought from Old Testament to A'eio Testament (1890) ; the Book of Ezekiel in the Polyehrome Bible (Hebrew text. 1896; Eng- lish, 1808); and the Book of Proverbs in the Int< rnutional Critical Commentary (1899). TOYAMA, to'ya'ma. The capital of the Pre- fecture of Toyama, in Japan, situated in the cen- tral part of Hondo, near the western coast (Map: Japan, E 5). Tbe old castle is used as a school. There are manufactures of leather. Population, in 1898. r-,<.5oS. TOYN'BEE, Arnold (1852-83). A pioneer of the Social Settlement movement. He was edu- cated at Balliol College. Oxford, and afterwards became a tutor and lecturer there. He was the author of a nmnber of well-known addresses on political economy, but is best known by his ef- forts to understand the economic and social prob- lems of the working classes of Whitechapel, among whom he made his home, associat- ing himself with th^ religious work carried on there by his friend S. A. Barnett. Early in life Toynbee had come under the influence of Euskin. but his sympathy with the artisan class found a means of expression entirely his own. His favorite maxim, '"The welfare of the producer is as much a matter of interest to the consumer as the price of the product." voiced the religion of the student of social conditions. His name is associated with the modern Social Settlement (q.v.). Two years after his death in the crowded MTiitechapel district, which had been the scene of his efforts, Toynbee Hall was erected by the men of Oxford and Cambridge who had shared his labors tlicro. TOYNBEE, P.vget ( 1855—). An English phil- ologian, distinguished for his studies in French and Italian literature, a brother of Arnold Toyn- bee. He was born at Wimbledon, near London. He was educated at Haileybury College, Hert- fordshire, and at Balliol College, O.xford, and then became a private tutor (1878-92). He is especially known as a Dante scholar. His works comprise mainly Sjieeimens of Old French (ninth to fifteenth century), (1892); Index of Proper yames in the Works of Dante (1894. 2d ed. 1897) ; Historical French Grammar, which is a skillful revision and amplification of Bracbet (1896) ; A Dictionary of Proper Kames and Rotable Matters in the Works of Dante (1898) ; Siccrehe e Xo/e Dantesche (1899) ; Critical Text of the "DIrina Cominedia" (1899); Life of Dante (1900, revised 1901) ; and Dante Studies and Pescarches (London and New York, 1902). The "Dante Dictionary" is perhaps the most valuahle cnmmentarv to Dante. TOYOHASHI, to'yo-hil'she. A town in the Prefecture of Aichi, Central Hondo, .Japan, 45 miles bv rail southeast of Nagova (Map: Japan, E 6). 'Population, in 1898, 21,'785. TRACERY (from trace, OF. tracer, trasser, Fr. tracer, to trace, track, delineate, from ML.
- ^ror?iorp. frequentative of Lat. trahere. to draw,
drag). A term used of the kind of architectural detail that is connected with pierced or open ornamentation of any member or unit such as a window, arcade, or gallery. It was de- veloped in windows and then extended to almost every part of ecclesiastical structures during the C4othic period. Technically there may be said to be stray examples of simple tracery at an earlier date, as in the case of pierced marble slabs in windows or screens, but tracery as an art and a system sprang up with the fully developed GJothic style in the first decades of the thirteenth century in France, when the whole wall space over the aisles in church interiors was devoted to enormous windows, one in each bay. ( See Window.) The general frame of each window inclosed those of several separate lights, and above and between their arched summits were minor foiled openings. The mullions, the cusps, the quatrefoil, and other openings formed what is termed the tracery of the windows, which be- came more elaborate in the succeeding centuries, seeking ever more complex geometric combina- tions of lines. The straight lines graduallj- were replaced in large part by curved lines. The rose or wheel windows, such as those of Notre Dame, in Paris, and the cathedrals of Rheims and Amiens, illustrate the various stages of this development. This tracery spread grnd- ually from the windows until it overran almost every part of the church with its delicate lace patterns, sometimes on a solid groimd. some- times pierced. The earlier plate tracery had at once given way to the molded tracery. The period of a. Gothic structure can generally be judged with tolerable accuracy by the style of its tracery. This is particularly the case in Eng- land, where two of the three main divisions of the Gothic movement, the Decorated and the Perpendicular, are so called on account of their
