TRICHINIASIS. 458 TKIEST. in France; in Basle, Switzerland; in Malaga, Spain; in Russia, Sweden, Noiwav, and Den- mark; in England in 1871; in North Germany, .since 1849, an epidemic occurring in Hettstiidt in 1863. Prophylaxis consi.sts in inspection of swine, after sUuiglitering, by competent niicroseopists, who shall take sections from the muscles of mastication, the laryngeal and abdominal mus- cles, and the diaphragm. There is no treatment for the disease, and in all probability many non-fatal cases occur which are diagnosed as rheumatism or some acute fever, as well as some cases of pneumonia in which the trichina parasite is the unidentified cause. Con- sult: Chaten, La trichiyie et la trichinose (Paris, 1883) ; Leuckart, The Parasites of Man (trans, by Hoylc, London, 188G). TRICHINOPOLI, trich'i-nop'o-li. The cap- ital of a district of Madras, British India, on the right bank of the Kaveri, below the island of Srirangam (q.v.), 56 miles from the sea, and 190 miles by rail southwest of Madras (Slap: India, C 6). The old town, now inclosed by boulevards, stands at the base and on the rugged slope of a granite rock 273 feet high, crowned by a temple, a nmch-frequented pilgrimage shrine. The native town is inhabited by a dense popula- tion dwelling in low, closely packed huts. The chief building is the former Nawab's palace, now restored and used as Government oifices. There are several Protestant missions and a college, and also a Jesvtit college. Be^'ond the boule- vards is Saint John's Anglican Church, contain- ing the tomb of Bishop Heber, who died here in 1826; to the south near Golden Rock, a hill about 100 feet high, is the central jail, one of the largest buildings of its kind in Madras. Che- roots are manufactured in large quantities from excellent tobacco grown in the vicinity. Weav- ing and the manufacture of hardware, cutlery, jewelry, gold chains, harness, and saddlery are extensively carried on. Triehinopoli was gov- erned by a line of rajas that died out in 1732 when it came under the rule of the Nawab of Arcot. It came under British control in 1801 with the rest of the region. Population, in 1891, 90.009: in 1901, 104,690. TRICHOME (from Gk. Tpixufo., trichoma, growth of hair, from rpixo^', trichoun, to fur- nish with hair, from S/j/f, thrix, hair). A hair- like outgrowth from the epidermis of plants, usuall.v arising from a single cell. These struc- tures are known variously as hairs, glands, bris- tles, bladders, scales, prickles, warts, etc., and may be one or many celled. The long hairs on the seeds of cotton are simple and unicel- lular. The filaments on the stamens of the spider lily (Tradescantia ) are multicellular and simple. Branched unicellular hairs may be found on the common shepherd's pui-se (Capsella) and branched multicellular hairs on mullein. Hairs with flattened expansions at the top are called scales. Glandular hairs are widely distributed among plants, being usually unbranched and with a knob at the apex, which secretes such sub- stances as resins, gums, ethereal oils, mucilage, and sugar. When the substance is secreted in a liquid form it moistens the surface, but when volatile it is recognized as an odor. Root-hairs are one-celled outgrowths from the epidermis of the root, having very delicate walls. Their office is to absorb nutritive materials for the plants. Many plants and organs which bear hairs during early stages of development become smooth as they grow older. Environment also affects the hairiness of a structure. A plant growing in a very dry situation ina.y be hairy, while another individual of llie same species growing in a wet situation may be much less hairy or even entire- ly smooth. Systematists have made large use of tlie tricliome in describing plants, and have de- veloped a large luuuber of descriptive terms. TRICHOPTERA, tri-kop'te-ra ( Neo-Lat. noni. pi., from Gk. dpl^, thrix, Tpix-> trich-, hair + irrepbv, )ttcron, wing). An order of insects cnntaining the caddis fly (q.v.). TRICOLOR (Fr. tricolor, from Lat. tres, three + color, color). Literally a flag in three colors, which is the case in almost every national ensign, but usually restricted in sense to flags having three colors in equal masses. The jn-in- cijial tricolor ensigns are those of France — blue, white, and red, divided vertically; Germany — black, white, and red, divided horizontally; Rus- sia — white, blue, and red, divided horizontally; Italy — green, white, and red: Belgium — black, yellow, and red ; and Mexico — green, white, and red; the last three all divided vertically. The French tricolor took its use at the outbreak of the Revolution of 1789, as the badge of the National Guard. The red and blue were selected as the arms of Paris, and the white was added as the color of the array, to show the intimate union wliieh should siibsist between the people and tile national defenders. TRICYCLE. See Bicycle. TRIDENT (Lat. tridens, three-toothed, from tres, three + dots, tooth). In classic mythol- ogy, the attribute of Poseidon, god of the sea. It consists of a .staff, armed at one end with three short prongs, with double barbs at the points. TRIDYMITE (from Gk. rplSviios, tridxjmos; three-fold, from rpeU, trcis. three; so called from its frequent crystallization in groups of three). A mineral silicon dioxide crystallized in the hexagonal system. It resembles quartz, from which it differs, however, in having a lower specific gravity. It occurs chiefly in acidic vol- canic rocks and was originally discovered in 1868 in the trachyte of San Crist6bal in Mexico. It has since been found in various localities in Ger- many, Himgary, and elsewhere. It has been pre- pared artificially by dissolving a silicate in a bead of phosphorus salt. TRIENNIAL ACT. A British statute of the reign of William III. (1694), directing that no Parliament should last longer than three years. This period was extended to seven years by the Septennial Act of Cieorge I. (1716). TRIER, trer. The German name for Treves. TRIEST, tre-est'. or TRIESTE. The prin- cipal seaport of Austria-Hungary, situated at the nortlieast extremity of the Adriatic Sea, on the Gulf of Triest, 367 miles by rail southwest of Vienna (Map: Austria, C 4). Triest and the adjoining district form an Austrian crownland, and the city is the general administrative seat of the Austrian Kiistenland (q.v.). The city, which is strongly fortified, extends somewhat
