TROWBRIDGE. 489 TROY. which held out for Matilda against Stephen. It ivas demolished before the reign of Henry VIII., and all traces of it have disappeared. Popula- tion, in 1891, 12,046; in 1901, 11,562. TROWBRIDGE, Edmuxd (1709 93). An Anierioan lawyer, born in Newton, JIass. He graduated at Harvard in 1728, and soon rose to eminence as a lawyer. He became .Vttorney- General of the St.ate in 1749, was for several 3'ears a member of the council, and in 1707 was appointed a justice of the Massachusetts Su- preme Court, presiding with great ability and fairness at the trial of Captain Preston and his men after the Boston massacre. In 1772 he retired to private life. Though not in full sym- pathy with the Patriot Party, lie was strongly opposed to the policy of the British Ministry. He has been regarded as the most profound jurist in New England before the Revolution. TROWBRIDGE, .John (1843—). An Ameri- can physicist. He was born in 1843 and was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, graduating in 1860 and then serving for three years as tutor. After occupy- ing a chair at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he returned to Harvard in 1880 and was made professor of experimental pliysies. and , was appointed in 1888 to the Rumford profes- sorship of the application of science to the use- ful arts. He established a laboratory course in physics and was one of the pioneers in intro- ducing laboratory work as an essential part of instruction in elementary science. Trowbridge carried on many important investigations in physics, particularly in electricity, and later in- vestigated the various phenomena connected with the Roentgen rays. Many of his communications were issued under the title of Coitlrihiitions from the Ph/isical Laboratory of Uarvnrd College. Besides these, he wrote The New Physics ( 1884). TROWBRIDGE, John Townsend (1827—). An American novelist, juvenile writer, and poet, born in Ogden, N. Y. After a common school education, supplemented at home, Trowbridge taught school for a year in Illinois and after- wards worked as a journalist in New York and Boston. His first work of distinction. Neighbor Jackicood (1857), was one of the first realistic novels of New England life. The more note- worthy of his many stories, which include some of the most wholesome of American fiction for boys, are Father Bright Hopes (1853): The Drummer Boy (1863): Cud jo's Cave (1863); The Three f?couts (1805); Neighbors' Wives (1867): Coupon Bonds and Other Stories (1872); The Jack Hazard Series; The Toby Trafford Series: The Start in Life Series; The Tide Mill Series. Noteworthy collections of verse ai'e: The Vagabonds and Other Poems (1869) ; The Eminranl's Story and Other Poems (1875): The Boole of Cold and Other Poems (1877) ; A Home Idyl and Other Poems (I88I) : The Lost Earl and Other Poems (1888) : Poetical irorA-s (1903), a collected edition. His auto- biography, ,1f(/ Oum Story (1903). throws much light on American literature and life during the second half of the nineteenth century. TROWBRIDGE, Wiixiam Petit (1828-92). .^n American engineer, born in Oakland County, Mich. He graduated, first in his class, at West Point in 1848 ; was assigned to the Corps of Engineers as a brevet second lieutenant ; was engaged in making astronomical observations at the Military Academy Observatory in 1848-50, and from 18.50 to 1850, when he resigned from the army, was engaged in important work on the United States Coast Survey. In 1856-57 he was professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan: and in 1857-01 was scientific secretary of the Sujierintendent of the United States Coast Survey. From 1861 to 1865, during the Civil War, he was in charge of the Engineer .gency at New Y'ork City. Subsequently he was pro- fessor of dynamic engineering in the Sheflield Scientific Scliool of Yale CoHege from 1870 to 1877; was adjutant-general of the State of Con- necticut from 1872 to 1870; an<i from 1877 until his death was professor of engineering in the Columbia School of Mines. He is credited by some with having first suggested the idea of the cantilever bridge. Besides numerous maga- zine articles, he published Beat as a Source of Power (1874), TROY (Lat. Troia, from Gk. Tpoia). The most famous city of Greek legend. It was situated in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor, in a small plain through which, from the southeast, flows to the Hellespont the ancient Scaniander (now Mendere), entered a short dis- tance from its mouth by a small stream from the east, the ancient Simois (now Dumbrek Su). In the angle once formed by these streams (the modern courses have altered greatly) lies a low hill, jutting from the range of Mount Ida, which was known in Roman times as Ilium yornni, and was regarded by many as the succes- sor of the Homeric Troy. Near by is the mod- ern village of Hissarlik. The claims of this site had always found defenders, but since the work of Le Chevalier at the end of the eighteenth cen- tury there had been a strong trend of scholarly opinion in favor of the ruins near Bunarbashi on the Bali Dagh, a steep eliff over the Scanian- der, south of its entrance to the plain. The presence of warm springs near by also served to strengthen this identification. The site, as well as the summit on the opposite side of the valley, was certainly fortified in very early times as a protection against incursions from the south, but excavation has shown conclusively that the capital of the district lay on the hill of Hissarlik, rather less than four miles from both the -Egean and Hellespont, and correspond- ing far more closely than could have been rea- sonably expected with the topographical indica- tions of the Iliad. The credit for the exploration of this site belongs to Heinrich Schliemann tq.w) , wlio began excavations in 1870, and in the tliree following years had laid bare enough to show- that underneath the Roman and later Greek ruins which crowned the hill were remains of a settlement of unknown antiquity, even though the names "Sevan Gate" and "Priam's Palace" seemed extravagant. In 1878-79 another cam- paign with scientific coadjutors led to more definite results, which were still further in- creased by the excavations of 1882 by Schliemann and Diir'pfeld. .Another visit in 1890 led to further important modifications of previous re- sults, and though the death of Schliemann in December, 1890. prevented the immediate con- tinuation of the work, it was resumed in 1893 by Dijrpfeld.
