TROYES. tion of the Edict of Nantes reduced the popula- tion, which was largely Protestant, to less than one-fourth of its former numbers. Consult Bou- tiot, Histoire de la ville de Troyes (Paris, 1870- 80). TBO'YLUS AND CBY'SEYDE. A poem by Chaucer, written about 1380, probably largely a translation of Boccaccio's Filostrato, though Chaucer may have drawn directly from Benoit de Sainte-More's Roman de Troyes of the twelfth century, in which the episode is first introduced, or from Guido della Colonna's prose novel based on it. TKOYON, trwa'yoN', Constant (1810-65). A French landscape and animal painter of the Fontainebleau-Barbison school. He was born at S6vres, August 25, 1810, and worked vs'hile a youth as a decorator in the porcelain factory, re- ceiving meanwhile lessons in design from Riocniz and later from Poupart. At the age of twenty he began as a landscape painter by making studies in the fields. His first Salon pictures, exhibited in 183.3, were mediocre in character. A fortunate acquaintance with the romanticist Roqueplan modified his style and brought him the acquain- tance of Rousseau, and a closer association with Diaz and Dupre, his fellow-workers at the S&vres factory. (See Bakbison School.) Of great im- portance for his career was his visit, in 1847, to Holland, where his observation of the rich animal life of the fields, together with his study of Dutch art, gave a new direction to his own work. He found inspiration in Potter and Cuyp, and modified his technique after the example of Rembrandt. From 1848 he became distinctively an animal painter. His animals, however, were never detached studies, but an integral part of the landscape. Success and fortune came to him early ; he received first class medals in 1846, 1852, and 1855, and the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1849, after which orders multiplied rapidly and his rapidity of execution sometimes resulted in inferior workmanship. In conse- quence of overwork he lost his reason in 1863, and he died in Paris, February 21, 1865. Troyon is the principal animal painter of the French school, the worthy compeer of Potter and Cuyp. No man has succeeded better in por- traying the character of animals — the stolid indifference of the ox, the helplessness of the sheep. But more than any other cattle painter he is a consummate master of landscape, which he portrays with an epic simplicity equaled only by Rousseau. At first rather heavy, his execu- tion speedily became broad and impressive; his poetic treatment of light and color is that of the Barbison school. His pictures often bear no distinctive names beyond the general designa- tion of landscape and cattle. In the Louvre are "Return from the Farm" (1849) and "O.xen Going to Work in the Fields" (1855) ; other fa- mous examples are "Valley of the Touques" (1853, Contesse Lehow), "Cart with Ass," "Sheep After Storm," "Cow Scratching Herself." There are good examples of his work in the pro- vincial museums of France, and in the important private and public collections in the LTnited States. Consult his biographies by Dumesnil (Paris, 1888): Hustin (ib., 1893)': and Van Dvke, in Modern French Masters (New York, 1896). 492 TRtrCE OF GOD. TROY WEIGHT. See Weights and Meas- TRUBNER, trub'ner, Nicholas (1817-1884). A London publisher, born in Heidelberg, Ger- many. After learning the bookseller's trade, he went to London in 1843, and was employed by the Longmans. In 1851 he entered into partner- ship with Thomas Delf, and soon became the head of the flourishing publishing house of Triibner & Co. One of his successful enterprises was a development of the American trade. In 1855 he published the admirable Bibliographical Guide to American Literature, which was greatly enlarged in 1859. He found time to study Sans- krit, Hebrew, and Basque, and wrote several learned books. He performed great services to scholarship by issuing works shunned by ordi- nary publishers. Two remarkable series of siich works were Triibner's Oriental fieries and the British and Foreign Philosophical Library. He was also the publisher of the Early English Text and other societies. TRUCE (plur. of obsolete Eng. true, truce, true, AS. treowe, trywe, Goth, triggws, Ger. treu, true; connected with OPruss. druiiis, faith). In warfare, a truce closely resembles an armistice (q.v. ), the two terms being frequently used as synonyms. Practically, the truce is a prelude to or the interval necessary to arrange for an armistice. In either case it is but a tem- porary cessation of hostilities, and may be merely local, arranged to afford safe conduct for the bearer of a message, or to permit the com- batants to bury their dead; or, if general, to admit of peace pourparlers. International agree- ment as well as the unwritten law of the battle- field forbids either side takjng advantage of a period of truce to improve their strategic ad- vantage, by changes of position, disposition of troops, bringing up of reserves, or other re- inforcements. A general truce is only made by the rulers or governments concerned, while a local truce may be arranged by the local com- manders. During a truce a definite arrange- ment is made detailing the liberties permitted each combatant. It is understood, however, that each side is at liberty to carry out such opera- tions as would have been possible during actual hostilities. Violation of a truce by either party, or any form of treachery' regarding it, instantly terminates the truce. See Flag of Truce; War. TRUCE OF GOD (ML. treuga Dei). In the Middle Ages private warfare was very common, and the Church synods, in order to limit what they could not wholly repress (see Peace of God), in the eleventh century and later, fre- quently passed decrees that there should be no such warfare during certain holy seasons and on certain days. The seasons during which peace was observed extended from Advent to Epiphany, and from Septuagesima to one week after Pentecost. In addition the time from Wednesday night to Monday morning of each week and all saints' days were included. By the end of the eleventh century only about eighty days in the year were left free for private war- fare, but most of these days came in summer when the fighting would naturally be most com- mon. These decrees of the councils, although frequently repeated, had little effect. Sometimes
