TtJBINGEN SCHOOL. 521 TUCKER. Baur (q.v.), of the University of Tubingen. Though lie was unwilling to admit that he was a disciple of Hegel, Baui's distinctive and guiding principles were those of the Hegelian philosophy, it was his aim to reconstruct the history of early Christianity so that it would be seen to be in harmony with the laws which everywhere govern historical evolution. He began with the Apos- tolic age. a metliod which has since won uni- versal approval. In 1831 he published his essay Die Christuspartci in der koiinthischen Ge- meinde, der Gcycnsatz des paulinischen tmd petrinischctv Ohristcntums in der (ilteslen Kirche, der Apostcl Fetriis in Rorii. In this were fore- shadowed all his later critical results. His posi- tion was that the early Apostolic Church was split into two hostile factions, Pauline (Gen- tile) and Petrine (Jewish), between whom there was a bitter conflict. Although an clement of Jewish Christianity remained unreconciled to the last (the Ebionites), the Pauline party (mainly after Paul's death) made concessions, and thus brought about a reconciliation which resulted in the establishment of the Old Catholic Church. These views were elaborated and fully stated in the works: Veber die sogeiianitfen Pastoralbriefe ( 1835, the same year in which Strauss's Leben Jesu appeared) ; I'aiihis der Ajiostcl Jesu Cliristi, sein Leben und Wirken, seine Briefe iind seine Lehre (1845, 2d ed. 18G0) ; Die kanonischen Evangelien (1847); and Das Christenlum und die chrislliche Eirche der drci crstcn Jahrhun- derte (1853). Baur's position led him to at- tempt a thorough reconstruction of the history of the origin of the New Testament literature. His theory demanded that the New Testament books in which the evidences of the conflict were most patent, or in which either of the two con- flicting views was positively stated, should be considered earliest in date. Therefore, Paul's four genuine letters (Rom., I. and II. Cor., and Gal.) of the Pauline wing, and the Apocalypse by John with the early Hebrew form of the Gospel of Matthew, of the Petrine or .Jewish party, were named as the earliest productions of the Apostolic Church. The other books were dated according to the exigencies of the general theory — Mark, as altogether neutral, being set down as the latest of the Synoptics, and with our Greek Matthew, Luke, Acts, John, and the Pastoral Epistles placed very late, altogether outside of the Apostolic age. In Acts, in par- ticular, the desire to reconcile the two parties, even at the expense of genuine Paulinism, was said to be quite manifest. This criticism, based on the supposed tendency {Tenden::) of the New Testament documents and now known as 'tendency criticism' (Tendenzkritik) , was thoroughly under the control of the Hegelian conception ("thesis, antithesis and synthesis") of history. Baur's theory, practically unaltered, was advocated with great brilliancy by E. Zeller in the organ of the school, the Theologische Jahrbiicher (from 1842 on), and in Die Apostelneschichte vach ihrcm Inhnlt vnd Vrsprung (1S56). by A. Schwcglcr in Dan varhapostolisehr ZeitnUpr (1840). and by Karl Planck and Karl Kiistlin in various pub- lications. Others of the school differed from the master in important details, but fully ac- cepted the main principle. Of these Volkmar in Switzerland, Hilgenfcld and Holsten in Ger- many, Scholten in Holland, S. Davidson in Eng- land, may be cited as representatives. David Strauss is also often spoken of as a representa- tive of the Tilbingen school. This, however, is not strictly correct. Strauss was indeed influ- enced by Baur in his early years, but that wa3 before Baur himself had fully formulated his views. The most important defection in the ranks of Baur's disciples was that of Albrccht Ritschl (q.v.), who in the second edition of his t)ie Entslehung der altkatholischen Kirehc (1857) asserted that it was a mistake to explain the origin of Old Catholic Christianity as a union of early Jewish or Petrine Christianity and uiodi- fied Paulinism. His trenchant criticism and that of others gradually showed the baselessness of many of Baur's positions. At his death in 1858 it was already evident that the dates he assigned to New Testament books could not longer be defended. The whole theory, in fact, as originally fornuilated by Baur, has no advocates at the present time, although many prominent scholars of to-day. as Hilgenfcld. Hausrath. O. Pfleiderer, H. J. Holtzniann, Schmiedel, wliile independent of any formal adhesion to Baur's theory, are at one with the great Tiibingen professor on im- portant points. Literature. Besides the writings noted above, see the estimates by Reuss, Gcsehichte der hciligen Selirifteti des Netien Testaments {2d ed.. Bruns- wick, 1800) : Dorner. (lesehirhte der protcstan- tischen Theologie (Munich, 18G7) ; R. Jl. Mackav, The Tubingen .S'c/i/jo? and Its Adherents (London, 1863) ; Pfleiderer, Derelo-pment of Theology in Gernianij Sinee Kant (ib., 1890). TUBUXAR BRIDGE. See Bridge. TXJBTJLIFLOR^. A suborder of composite plants. It consists of eleven tubes, the members of which are characterized by having all their perfect flowers tubular; the ray flowers, when such are present, are either neutral or pistillate. Among the genera are Eupatorium, Aster, Inula, Helianthus. Veronica, Helenium, Anthemis, and Calendula. TUBtJRAN, too'Boo-ran'. A town of Cehfi, Philippines, situated on the coast, 51 miles southwest of Cebn (Map: Philippine Islands, H 9). Population, 10.700. TUBUS. A isTigritian people. See Tibbus. TUCANO, toH-kii'nu. A tribe residing upon the Uaiipes River, on the Brazil-Colombia border, and supposed to be remotely of Arawakan stock (q.v.). They take their name from the toucan bird. They tattoo three lines upon each cheek, build circular houses of poles covered with palm leaves, are good canoemen, and are noted for their skill with the blowgun. TVCKy Friar. The jolly chaplain and boon companion of Robin Hood and his men. He fig- ures in the Robin Hood legends and appears in Scott's Iranhoe as the Holy Clerk of Copman- hurst. TUCK'ER, Abraham (1705-74). An English moralist, born in London. He studied at Merton College. Oxford, and was entered at the Inner Temple, but was never called to the bar. Inherit- ing a large fortune from his father, he purchased in 1727 Betchworth Castle and estate, near Dor- king, in Surrey. During his last years he was blind. Tucker's great work is entitled I'he Light of
