TUNNEL. 547 TUPI. Among foreign books on tunnels the following are notable: La Dame, Lcs (iriiiiils tuuiuls dts Alpcs cl du Jura (Paris, KSS9) ; Kizilia. Lchrbuch (lev f/esamtcii Tuniicl-liuukunst (J3erlin, 1S74) ; Danino, Uallerie dclla tiaicrsata dell' Appcuiiiiio, nclla linea Foglio (Rome and Naples, 1875). The Proceedings of the various societies and the engineering pajiers contain many descriptions of important tunnel works. TTJNNY (from OF. ton, tlion, Fr. thon, from Lat. tlninitus, thiiiiinis, from Ok. Bvvfos. thyn- nos, BOvos, llniiios. tunny, from Biiveii', thi/nein, to dart along), or Hokse Mackekel. The larg- est species of mackerel {Thtiniius thyiuius), also called 'tuna,' and "great albacore.' It has the typical form of mackerel (q.v. ), except that its body is thicker, and the tail is widely forked, be- coming crescent-shaped. It is pelagic, and oc- curs in all the warm seas, attaining a length of 10 feet and a weight of 1500 pounds. The flesh, even of the larger specimens, is highly esteemed, and in Southern Europe it has become the object of important fisheries. Tunny fisheries were early established by the Plui^nicians, and salted tunny was nuich esteemed by the Romans. The fish are captured by nets, and in addition to the large sale of them fresh, vast numbers are dis- posed of by canning. Every part of the body is utilized, the various parts being packed and sold separately, especially in Italy, under distinctive names. A closely related species is the long- finned albacore (Gcrmo alalunga) , very common in the Mediterranean and widely distributed else- where, and extremely abundant in the spawning season on the southern coast of California. It ia about three feet long, and very handsome, but its flesh is poor. See Plate of Mackerels. TUN-SHELL. One of the large, thin, glo- bose, finely ribbed shells of the gastropod mol- lusks of the family Doliidoe, closely related to the TDN-8HEI.L. helmet-shells and cowries (qq.v.). They are mainly tropical, but a well-known one (Dolitim (Hilea) inhabits the Mediterranean, and becomes ten inches in lengtli, making it the largest mol- lusk of that region. The fig-shells (q.v.) also belong to this family. TUN'STALL. A modern manufacturing and market town in Staff'ordshire, England, four miles north-northeast of Xewcastle-under-Lyme (Map: England, D .3). It has collieries, chem- ical works, iron foundries, and manufactures of potterv and tiles. The chief building is the town hall. 'Population, in 1001, in.400. TUNSTALL or TONSTALL, Cuthbert (1474-155i)). An English liisliop and author. He was born at Hackforth, Yorkshire; was edu- cated at Oxford and Cambridge, and studied at Padua; became rector of Harrow-on-the-Hill, 1511; Archdeacon of Chester, 1515, and was ap- pointed Master of the Rolls in 1516, after his return as conmiissioner to Brussels, where he made the acquaintance of Erasmus and nego- tiated two treaties with Charles I. of Spain, afterwards Charles V. lie was appointed IJean of Salisbury, 1521; Bishop of London in 1522; Lord Privy Seal in 1523; Ambassador to Sjiain in 1525, and to France in 1527, and became Bishop of Durham in 1530. He was deprived of his bishopric in 1552, and committc(l to the Tower on a charge of treason; was reinstated by Jlary, but, declining the oath of .supremacy to Elizabeth, was again deprived in 1559, shortly before his death. He was considered one of the ripest scholars and wisest diplomats of his period, and was the author of various theological and educational works, including In Laiidem Matrimonii, Oratio (1518) ; De Arte Supputandi Libri Qnnfuor (1522), an arithmetical treatise frequently republished (1522) ; and De Veritate, Corporis et Hdnffninis Domini nostri Jesu Christi in Eiicharisfia (1551). one of the best contem- porary statements of the doctrine of the Eucharist. TUPAC AMARU II. (1742-1781). A Peru- vian revolutionist, whose real name was Jos6 Gabriel Condorcanqui, and who has been called 'the last of tlic Incas,' though it seems he did not himself lay claim to that title. He was born at Tinta (south of Cuzco), and was directly descended from the original Incas. Under the Spaniards he ruled several villages, and in 1780, after failing to get better treatment for the Indians, organized a rebellion in which fiO.OOO natives joined. During the next three months the insurgents got control of all the country be- tween Lake Titicaca and Cuzco, but in 1781 Tupae was defeated and captured, and with most of the members of his family, was executed with frightful torture, as were also his cousin, Diego, and others of his family. It has been estimated that, during this war, 80,000 Indians were killed, the Spaniards' object apparently being to exter- minate the Inca race. Fernando, Tupac's son, ■nas condemned to life imprisonment, and sent to Spain when a child ten years old. His fate is not knowTi, although in 1828, a man calling him- self Fernando Tupac Amaru was pensioned at Buenos Ayres, and afterwards was a monk at Lima. TUPAIA, or BANXBING. See Tree-Shrew. TUPELO (Xorth American Indian name), Nyssa. A genus of trees of the natural order Cornacea", natives of Xorth America, chiefly of the southern parts of the United States. Nyssa multiflora, which attains a height of 60 to 70 feet, is often called black gum tree (q.v.). Xyssa aquatica, referred by some botanists to yyssa uniflora, by others to Nyssa multiflora, is the large tupelo, a lofty and beautiful tree, remarkable for the extraordinary enlargement of the base of the trunk, which is sometimes 8 to 9 feet in diameter, while at no great height the diameter diminishes to 15 or 20 inches. The fruit (drupe) resembles a small olive, and was preserved in the same way by the French settlers in America. TUPI, toS-pe' (allies, or village), or Trpi- NAMHA. An ancient tribe from which the wide-
