TUBKEY. 559 TURKEY. capital of $48,400,000, had on September 30, 1901, a note circulation of $4,4S4,000, and casli on hand $10,8;)0,000. Defense. Sco under Armies and Navies. SIDNEY, Weights, and JIea.sukes. The gold standard is used and the unit of coinage is the piaster — 4.4 cents. The national money in the Empire is estimated in round luunbers. at: Gold, $150,000,000': silver. $40,000,000. Turkish weights and measures were assimilated to the metric sys- tem in 1882, but the change has not generally been adopted. Population. The estimated population of the so-called Turkish Empire with its tributary States and the other regions nominally included in it was, in 1903, 40,440, 9.iT. The population of European Turkey (in the strict sense) is esti- mated at about" 0,000,000, and that of all the countries actually under the rule of the Sultan at about 25,000,000. The population of the Em- pire without the tributary States is placed at 24,931,000. The largest cities are: Constanti- nople, Damascus, Smyrna, Bagdad, Aleppo, Bei- rut, Saloniki, and Adrianople. The list of vila- yets and mutessarritliks with their areas and populations, is as follows : VILAYETS In Europe: Constantinople Adrianople Saloniki Monastir Kossovo Scutari (.UbaniaK. Janiua Total in Europe.. In .^sia : Asia, Minor. Ismld (mutessarriflik) Bnisa (khodavpndik.yar).. Bigha (mutessarriflik) Archipelago Sni.vrna (Aidin) Kastamuni Angora Konieh.....-! Adana Sivaa Trebizond (1898) Armenia, and Kurdistan. Erzerum Mamauret-ul-Aziz Diarbekir Bitlis Van Area. sq. Popnla- milea tiou 2,702 16,015 13,6S4 10,690 12.100 4,516 7.045 65,752 4,323 28.486 2,6-25 2,744 20.844 19,184 26,055 39.779 14,359 24.240 11,850 194.489 Mesopotamia. Mosul Bagdad.. Basra SjTia. Aleppo Zor Syria Beirut Jerusalem (mutessarriflik)- Lebanon 19.686 13,240 13,703 10,345 15.517 72,491 1.136,000 1,006.500 1,165.400 847,400 961,000 3i2,0flO 648,000 6,086,300 222,800 1,626,900 129,400 325,9(X) 1,396,500 1,018,900 892,900 1,088,000 403.400 1,086,.500 1,163,800 9,355,000 697,000 675,300 471,500 398,600 430,000 2,472,400 29,220 64,503 16.482 30,340 32,849 23,816 11,773 8,222 2,509 109,609 300,300 850,000 200,000 996,800 100,000 955,700 533,600 333,000 399,600 VILAYETS Area. Bq. mUea Popula- tion .r.ibia. Hedj'az (approximate) 96,500 77,200 300,000 Asir, Hodelda, Sana, and Tais (all until recentl.v Included in the 750.000 173,700 1.050.000 Total in Asia 660,394 17.646,300 In Africa: 1 398.900 800,000 Bengazi •• 500,000 Total in Africa 398.900 1.300,000 Total of immediate possessions as above: Square miles Popula- tion In Europe 66,752 660.394 398,900 6,086,300 17,545.300 1.300,000 1.115.046 24,931.600 The tributary States and provinces tinder for- eign occupation, with their areas and population according to the most recent census, are: Sq. miles Population Bulgaria(and Eastern Rumelia)... Bosnia. Herzegovina, and Novi- 37,860 23.570 3,326 180 3,684 400,000 3,733,189 1,591,046 Crete 309.253 64,824 237,022 9,821,045 468,620 15,746,379 Totals for the Empire: Square miles, 1,583,566; population, 40,077,979. Education and Religion. Education is great- ly neglected, though public schools are established in most of the towns and colleges and public li- braries are attached to most of the large mosques. There are no educational statistics. (See under Constantinople.) Only about one- half of the population are Mohammedans, the re- mainder being C4reek and Roman Catholics, Armenians, Jews, etc. There are 2120 mosques in the Turkish Empire, of which 379 are in Con- stantinople. Ethnology. The Turkish Empire presents an extraordinary medley of nationalities. The rul- ing race, the Osmanli Turks, whose blood is great- ly mi.xed with various foreign elements (Slavic, Greek, and Alljanian in Eiu'opean Turkey I . con- stitute a minority of the population even in the regions actually under the rule of the Sultan. The only section of the Empire in which they are numerically dominant is the interior of Asia Minor. The most important peoples in Asiatic Turkey after the Osmanlis are the Arabs (Syria, Mesopotamia. Arabia). Armenians (who are found in large numbers outside of Armenia), and Kurds. The Greeks and Jews (in addition to the Armenians) are important elements in the urlian population of a large part of Asiatic Turkey. There are less than a million persons of Turko- Tatar blood in Turkey in Europe, and these are chiefly in the portions nearest to Asia. The
