TARPON FISHING. 46 TARRASA. suit American books mentioned under Fish ; and Akgling. TARQTJIN'IUS. The family name of two kings of Rome, with whose history, or rather with the legends regarding whom, the fortunes of the city are closely interwoven. Demaratus, a Co- rinthian noble, emigrated from Greece, and set- tled at Tarquinii, in Etruria. where he married an Etruscan wife. A son, Lucumo, married into a noble Etruscan family, and emigrated to Rome, where he was hospitably received and soon after admitted to the rights of citizenship. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, or, according to Li'y, L. Tarquinius Priscus. The Roman mon- arch, Ancus Jlarcius, appointed him guardian of his children; and on the death of the King (B.C. 616), the senate and the citizens unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was a glorious one. He waged successful wars, forcing the whole of the twelve sovereign cities of Etruria to recognize his supremacy and do him homage. To him, also, are ascribed the construc- tion of the magnificent cloacce, or sewers, the laying out of the Circus ilaximus, and the build- ing of shops ( taberna; vetercs ) on the Forum ; the institution of the Great or Roman Games; and the foundation of the Capitoline temple. Tar- quinius was assassinated after a reign of thirty- eight .years (B.C. 578) at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius, who considered them- selves as best entitled to the throne. But their crime did not avail them, for Servius Tullius, his nephew, was elected to the vacant throne. — Lrciis T.RQuixius Svperbus, son of Lucius Tarquinius, having murdered his father-in-law, Servius Tulliu.s, is represented in the legend as audaciouslj' usurping the vacant throne (B.C. 534) ; but as the whole drift of his legislative policy was to abolish the reforms of Servius, there can be little doubt that the real sig- nificance of this part of his career lies in the fact that it indicates a successful reaction, on the side of the patricians, against the more liberal and progressive policy of the preceding age. That the younger Tarquinius, at least, is an historical character, seems to be pretty gen- erally allowed. As far as we can gather from the ancient annals, the usurpation of Tarquinius was probably achieved by the help of an enterprising section of the nobles, who clung tenaciously to their privileges, and could not endure the consti- tutional recognition of the plebs. By means of subtle and unscrupulous intrigues he obtained or consolidated the Roman hegemony in Latium; offered sacrifice in the name of all the Latins at the Alban Jlount; fused the contingents of the Latins with the Roman legion ; put to death as traitors such of their chiefs as opposed him; and, at the head of the combined forces, suc- cessfully attacked the Volscians. On his return he completed the building of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which the elder Tarquinius had begun, and deposited in the vaults the Sibylline books he had curiously acquired. (See Sibyl.) But his lavish expenditure both in war and peace necessitated the imposition of heavy taxes, and the patience both of plebs and patri- cians was beginning to give way. During a war against the Rutuli Tarquinius laid siege to the town of Ardea. Here in the Roman camp oc- curred the famous dispute between Sextus Tar- quinius, the son of the King, and Collatinus, about the virtues of their respective wives, which led to the rape of Lucretia (q.v.). L. Junius Brutus (q.v.) carried the news of the outrage to Rome and called upon the people to rise against the tyrant, who was deposed by the senate; finally, the army before Ardea revolted. Tarquinius and his sons were obliged to tlee, and an aristocratic republic was constituted at Rome (B.C. 509). Three different attempts were made to restore Tarquinius by force: first, by his own Etruscan kinsmen of Tarquinii ; second, by Lars Porsena (q.v.) of Clusium ; and third, by his son-in-law, Octavius Jlamilius. All these, ac- cording to the legend, failed ; and at length Tar- quinius, utterly ballled and beaten, retired to Cuma', where he died. TARR, Ralph Stockm.
(1864—). An
American educator, born at Gloucester, Mass. He was educated at Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, and was assistant professor of geology at Cornell University from 1892 to 1896, when he became professor of dynamic geology and physical geography in the same institution. Be- sides acting as associate editor of the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society and the Jour- nal of Geography, he published; Economic Geol- ogy of the Untied States (1893) ; Physical Geog- raphy of New York State (1902) ; New Physical Geography (1903); and several text-books on geography. TARRAGON. A garden herb. See Arte- misia. TARRAGONA, tar'ra-go'na (h. Tarraco) . A seaport of Spain, capital of the province of the same name, in Catalonia, situated on tlie Jledi- terranean at the mouth of the Francolf, 63 miles southwest of Barcelona (Map; Spain, F 2). On the land side it is bordered by the beautiful Campo de Tarragona, whose agricultural products form an important part of its trade. The local in- dustries embrace manufactures of alcohol, liquors, soap. Hour, silks, and paper, and salted fish. Since 1892 it has been an important port of entry. The town contains a normal school for both sexes, a museum of areha?ology, and several hospitals. The nucleus of the old city is situated on a steep hill, now crowned by the cathedral and the bish- op's palace. Population, in 1900, 26,281. The city was probably founded as a Greek colony. Lender the Romans it enjoyed a prominent posi- tion from the time of the Scipios. being at one time a residence of Augustus. It gave its name to the Province of Hispania Tarraconensis. From this period still survive a portion of the ancient wall, with 'eyclopean' remains, an amphitheatre, the ruins of the palaces of Augustus and of Pontius Pilate, and an aqueduct still in use. The city was destroyed by the West Goth Euric (475). It was taken by the Arabs in 713 and partially destroyed, but was restored by Abd-ur- Rahman (780). In the twelfth century it was taken by the Christians and became an archi- episcopal see. In 1811 it imderwent a siege and sack by the French under Suchet. TARRASA, tar-rii'sa. A town in the Prov- vince of Barcelona, in Catalonia, Spain, 22 miles northwest of the city of Barcelona, on the Barce- lona-Li^rida line of the Northern Railway (Map; Spain, F 2). It is an important industrial cen- tre, with manufactures of cotton and woolen cloths. The Romanesque churches of San Pedro
