TWELVE TABLES. 582 TWILLINGATE. and citations of table and law by miniber are regularly based on his reconstruction. The credibility of the Roman tradition concern- ing the origin of the XII. Tables has been ener- getically attacked by recent writers, who assert that the tradition is of late origin and that the XII. Tables are a private compilation made, probably, in the third century B.C. Consult: Voigt, Geschichic mid Si/stem des Rechts der XII Tafeln (Leipzig, 1883): Apple- ton, IjC leslament rumaiii et faiithciilicilc dcs XII Tables (Paris, 1903): Lambert. L'llistoire tiadiliuiiclle dcs XII Tables (Lyons, 1903). See Civil Law. TWES'TEN, August Detlev Cukistian (1780-187G). A German Protestant theologian. He was born at Gliiekstadt, studied at Kiel and Berlin, and became professor of theology at Kiel, 1814. In 1S35 he succeeded Schleiermacher, whose views he had adopted at Berlin. He was a member of the new sujjreme ecclesiastical council of the Lhiited Evangelical Church until his death. He published Vorlesungen iibcr die Dogmatik der evangeliscli-lutherischen Eirclie (1826-37); Grundriss der analytischen Logik (1834); Mat- thias Flacius Illiiriciis (1844) : and edited Schlei- ermacher's Ethik (1S41). Consult Heinrici, August Tweslcn nach Tagebiichern iind Briefen (Berlin, 1889), and Life by G. Heinrici (ib., 1880). TWICH'ELL, JcsEPn Hopkins (1838—). An American Congregational clergyman, born in Southington. Conn. He gradated at Yale in 1859, ■was chaplain of the 71st Regiment. New York Stat* Volunteers, during the Civil War. and in 1865 became pastor of the Asylum Hill Congre- gational Church, at Hartford. Conn. His writ- ings include John Winthrop (1891) and Some Old Puritan Love Letters (1893). TWICK'ENHAM. A town in Jliddlesex, England, on the Thames, connected with Rich- mond, on the opposite bank, by a substantial bridge, 10 miles southwest of Saint Paul's, Lon- don (Map: London, F 4). It has Interesting his- toric dwellings, and is a favorite holiday resort of Londoners. It contains the great Church of Saint Stephen's, completed in 1874 ; the estate of Alexander Pope, where the grotto is all that re- mains (Pope's monument is in the chnrch) ; VValpole's villa, called Strawberry Hill; and the Orleans villa, temporarily occupied by Louis Philippe, and still owned bv his descendants. Population, in 1891, 16,000: in 1901, 21.000. Con- sult Cobbett, Memorials of Twickenham (London, 1872). T'WIG-GIRDLEB. See Girdlek. T"WIGGS, David Emanuel (1790-1862). An American soldier. He was born in Richmond County, Ga., and, was the son of General John Twiggs, a soldier in the Revolution. In Jlarch, 1812, he was appointed captain in the Eighth In- fantry. He served in the War of 1812, and was promoted major in September. 1814. He later fought against the Seminole Indians, and then in the Black Hawk War, and was commissioned colonel of the Second Dragoons in June. 1836. For services at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Avhere he commanded the right wing of General Taylor's army, he was brevetted brigadier-general. In the attack on Monterey he commanded a di- vision ; was brevetted a major-general : and after a short term as Governor of Monterey was sent to join General Scott at Vera Cruz. In the advance on the City of Mexico he commanded the Second Division ; led the main attack at Cerro Gordo ; and performed important services at Contreras and Churubusco. and in the attack on the gates of Mexico. After the war ended he was for some years in charge of the Department of the West, and then of that of Texas. On the outbreak of the Civil War he surrendered, without resistance, the United States property under his charge to the Confederates, and in the North was generally regarded as a traitor. He was made a major- general in the Confederate service, and for a time commanded in Louisiana, but age and infirmities led him to resign from the service near the close of lS(il. TWIG-PKUNEE. Any of several species of longicorn beetles of the genus Elaphidion. the females of which lay their eggs in the twigs of several kinds of trees. The eggs hatch and the larva when nearly full-grown severs the twig in which it is working, transforming to pupa wilhin the twig after it has fallen to the ground. The common oak-pruner (Elaphidion villosum) is a rather slender long-horned beetle, dark brown in color, and covered with grayish pubescence. It feeds in the twigs of oak, hickory, chestnut, ma- ple, apple, plum, peach, and other trees. The purpose of the amputation of the twig by the larva seems not primarily to be for the purpose of making the twig fall, but to penetrate through the wood to the bark in order that the beetle may have an easy exit. Elaphidion suhpiibesccns works in the same way in the shoots of white oak, while Elaphidion. mueronatum is found in the twigs of live oak and other trees. The larva of Elapihidion xinicolor amputates the twigs of the redbud (Cereis Canadensis). A few other insects have somewhat similar habits. For ex- ample, certain horn-tails, notably the willow- shoot horn-tail (Phylloccns integer), live, in the larval stage, in twigs of willow, which they cause to Avilt, and easily to break from the branclu TWILIGHT (from twi-. combiningform of tteo -j- light). A phenomenon caused by atmos- pheric refraction. (See Refraction.) When the sun sets below our horizon, we are not immediate- ly plunged into the darkness of night. There is an intermediate period of partial and slowly in- creasing darkness which we call twilight. The cause is a simple one. Although the sun is be- low our horizon, rays of solar light are bent or 'refracted' by the terrestrial atmosphere, and continue to furnish some slight illumination. The process continues, with diminisliing intensity, until the sun is so far below the horizon that the refracting power of the atmosphere is no longer able to bend the nays enough to produce a visible effect. This occurs Avhen the sun is 18° below the horizon; and the time after sunset when the sun reaches such a position varies with the lati- tude of the place, and with the time of year. TWIL'LINGATE or TOULINGUET, toT/ laN'gfi'. A port of entry on tlie Twillingnte Islands in Notre Dame Bay, on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, 232 miles by steamer from Saint Johns (Jlap: Newfoundland, F 3). It
