TYPICAL PHRASE. 601 TYRCONNEL. and is emploved in the same manner as a theme in a symphony, the typical phrase is onlj' a quo- tation, and can do nothing more than recall a similar situation. TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION OF NORTH AMERICA, Till-: Imkh.atio>.l. The labor organization of the printers and those engaged in kindred trades, the oldest national trade union in the United States. It was organized in 1S50 as the National Convention of .Journeymen Printers, but assumed the name Xational Typo- graphical Union in 1852, and the present name in 1869. The International Tyjiographical Union is an industrial luiion and claims jurisdiction over all branches of the printing and kindred trades, except those over which jurisiliction has been conceded by agreement. In 1902 the Inter- national Typograjiliical Union concluded an 'arbi- tration agreement' Avith the American Newspaper Publishers' Association to last until 1907. by which the former undertakes to arbitrate all trade difl'erences with members of the Publishers' Association who agree by contract to accept arbi- tration. About 90 per cent, of the publishers have concluded such contracts. In organization the International Typographi- cal Union is a typical industrial union. Provision is made for the separation of the different trades into trade district unions, which retain a large measure of autonomy, although they combine for purpo.ses of defense, in each jurisdiction where there are unions of more than one trade, in al- lied printing trades councils. The International itself, however, strictly regulates the maximum hours of labor of all members, the number of days' work per week, the nietliod of securing work and the discharge of employees (through foremen, who must lielong to the union), the em- ployment of substitutes, type standards in the fixation of piece scales, the use of sub-lists ( lists of authorized substitute workers ) , and the interchange between newspapers, not owned by the same comjjany, of matter previously used either in the form of type, matrices, or plioto- engraved plates. Of the receipts from the regu- lar dues, one-si.xth is apportioned to the general fund, one-fourth to the defense fund, one-fourth to the burial fund, and one-third to the endow- ment fund of the Union Printers' Home at Colo- rado Springs, Colo. In the fiscal vear ending May 31, 1902, the receipts amounted' to .$151,141 and the expenditures to $145,7(10. The average membership in 1901 was 34,948. The official organ. The Tiiiioiiraiihical Journal, is published monthly at the headquarters in Indianapolis, Ind. TYPOGRAPHY. See Printing. TYR, tir (Icel. Tyr, AS. Tiw, OHG. Zlo; connected with Lat. Ju-piter, Gk. Zfiii;, Zens, the chief god, Skt. dyfiKs, sky, and ultimately with Lat. dcus, Olr. dia, Lith.' devas, Skt. deva, god). The old Norse name of a Teutonic deity. It is possible that in the early common Germanic system Tyr was the foremost god, whose place was later taken by Odin. In the Eddas he is represented as the son of Odin, and was the god of war and fame. When the .^Dsir (q.v.) persuaded the wolf Fenrir (q.v.) to allow him- self to be bound with the cord Gleipnir, Tyr put his right hand in the wolf's mouth, as 'a pledge that he would be loosened, and when the gods refused to release Fenrir the wolf bit the hand oil at the wrist. At the twilight of the gods he met his death at the same time with his enemy the monster dog Garni. See Rag.naroK; Scak- Di.vAviA.x A.Nu Tel roMc JIvtuology. TYRANT (Lat. tt/rai:)itis. from Gk. ri;/:i(ii'i'of, master, sovereign, connected with Skt. turqnyu, pressing forward, tur, liii; to pass through, Lith. ti(nti, to have), A name given in modern times to an arbitrary and oppressive ruler, but by the ancient Greeks applied not necessarily to one that exercised jjower badly, but merely to one that obtained it illegally, or to one who held the sovereignty originally established by usurpa- tion. While tyrants appear siJoradically at all periods in Greek history, they were especially nu- merous during the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., when it was not difficult for an ambitious and unscrupulous man, often a noble, to appear as a leader of the populace and by its aid secure power. Often a violent seizure of the power was welcomed as affording relief from present evils. In other cases the 'tyrant' of the nobles was a lawgiver to the demos. These early tyrants seem usually to have ruled generously toward the poorer classes, but toward other nobles tlicy were naturally suspicious and frequently stern and cruel. While there are cases in which ancient testimony declares the 'tyrant' a true tyrant in the modern sense, the greater number of these men seem to have aimed at a just rule, and the glory and prosperity of their States, and were fre- quently the patrons of literature and the tine arts. This is especially noticeable in the Sicilian tyrants of the fifth century B.C. After the Persian Wars, the development of democracy and the rise of Athens led to the passing away of tliis form of government, to revive with the general weakening of the Greek States. This later period of tyranny, which begins in the fourth century B.C., is not marked by so wide an extension of the evil, but, on the other hand, a few of the possessors of the power are men of extraordinary ability, who, having proved capable of restoring or rescuing an enfeebled State, have seized or been given the supreme control. Such were Dionysius I. of Syracuse and Jason of Pherse. In general this second series of tryants were more cruel and arbitrary than the earlier generation. The Thirty !r,i/ro"'s of Athens were onlj- an oligarchical board established in the interest of Sparta in B.C. 404, and owed the name 'Tyrants' to later writers, their contemporaries referring to them as 'The Thirty.' Consult: Plass, Die Tyrannis bei den (Jriechen (Bremen, 1852) ; Zeller. Ueber den Beyriff der Tyranni.f: bei den Griechen (Berlin, 1887) ; Scho- mann-Lipsius, Griechische AHerthUmer (4th ed., ib., 1897). TYRANT FLYCATCHER. See Flt- Catciier. TYRCON'NEL, Rtcharu Talbot. Earl and titular Duke of (1630-91). Viceroy of Ireland. He was the youngest son of Sir William T:illx)t, of County Kildare, Ireland, a prominent Roman Catholic politician during the reign of .lames I. He fought against Cromwell at Drogheda and after the death of Charles I. lived in Spain and Flanders. In his youth he was notorious as a sharper and bully and under the Protectorate he was recommended as a man fit to assassinate Cromwell. Soon after the Restoration he en-
