TARTINI. 50 TASCHEREAU. TARTINI, tiir-te'ne, Giuseppe (1092-1770). An Italian violinist, composer, and theoretician, born at Pirano, Istria. He discovered the com- bination tones, about 1714, and used them in making perfect purity of intonation. His fame rapidly increased and in 1721 he was made solo violinist and conductor of the orchestra at Sant' Antonio in Padua. From 1723 to 1725 he was chamber-musician to Count Kinsky at Prague. Afterwards he again took up his duties at Padua and founded a violin school there in 1728, which acquired a worW-wide reputation. His composi- tions include numerous classical concertos, sonatas, and other compositions for the violin, and the best-known of his theoretical works are: Trattato di nuisica secomlo la vera scien::a dell' armonia (1754); De' priticipj dell' armoitia musicale contenuta ncl diatonico genere (1767) ; and L'arte dell' area, reprinted in Choron, Prin- cipes de composition, vol. vi. (Paris, 1816). Con- sult Fayolle, "Notices stir Corelii, Tartini," etc. (Paris,"l810). TARTUPE, tar'ti.if, or TARTTJFFE. The name of Jloli&re's most celebrated comedy and of the chief character in it, who has become the type in all languages for a hypocritical scoundrel carrying out his evil designs under the cloak of religion. In the play, Tartufe ingratiates him- self with a simple-minded gentleman named Orgon, and nearly ruins both him and his family before being discovered. Conflicting stories are given as to the original of the character. The name is said to have suggested itself to Molifere on the occasion of a visit to the Papal Nuncio, where he saw the pious and solemn countenances of the Nuncio's courtiers suddenly lighted up with ecstatic animation by the appearance of a seller of truffles — in Italian, tartuffoli. Tartufo has also been found used in Italian figuratively for an ill-disposed person, in allusion to the fancy that truffles were a diseased product of the earth. The play was written in 1664, presented once in 1667, then prohibited, and it was not until 1669 that Moli&re succeeded finally in get- ting the King's consent, after which the piece had an uninterrupted run for three months. TARTTDANT, ta'roo-diint'. The capital of the Province of Sus, Morocco, situated between the base of the Atlas Mountains and the Sus Riv- er, 125 miles southwest of Morocco. The sur- rounding coimtry is highly cultivated and the city, walled and defended by a citadal, contains many fine mosques, groves, and gardens. The streets are narrow and crooked and most of the houses have but one story. Copper, gold, silver, and iron ores are mined in the vicinity and the chief industries are the manufacture of copper articles for Central Africa, tanning, leather- dressing, and dyeing. Population of the town, about 8500; of the district, 30,000. TARUmA, ta'roo-ma'. A tribe of Arawakan stock (q.v.) on the headwaters of the Essequibo River, I?ritish Guiana. They came originally from the Rio Negro, Brazil. They are of medi- um stature, but well formed. Their language differs so much from the cognate dialects that it was formerly thought to constitute a distinct stock. TARTTMARI, tll'roo-ma're, or Tabahumabi. A numerous tribe of Piman stock (q.v.) occupy- ing the Sierra Madre region of Central and Southern Chiliuahua, and extending into the ad- jacent sections of Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico. No reliable statement of their number can be given, but they are variously estimated at from 50,000 to 100,000. On account of the broken character of the country which they inhabit, there is no central organization, each little valley settlement managing its own affairs under a local chief or 'governor.' The language is spoken in several dialects and the people gen- erally are classed by the Mexicans as Christians in the north and 'gentiles' or heathen in the south. Although peaceful and unwarlike in character, the Tarumari have several times revolted against the Spaniards and the Jlexicans. In 1648 they rose up and destro.yed all the missions, drove every Spaniard out of their territory, and main- tained a successful resistance for four years un- der their chief Teporaca. In 1690 they again re- belled, destroyed the missions, mines, and haci- endas, and massacred all the Spaniards, but were finally subjugated in 1692. A local insurrection in the neighborhood of Temosaehic, northwest of Chihuahua City, in 1895, led by a native prophet- ess, was suppressed only after a bloody massacre by Mexican troops. Physically, the Tarumari are very dark and rather imdersized, resembling the Pueblo In- dians, and, like them, they are of remarkable strength and endurance. They are fond of music and singing, make pottery and weave elaborate girdles of native cotton, although the men or- dinarily go naked except for a cloth about the loins. They are sedentary and semi-agricultural, but depend largely also upon hunting, fishing, and wild products. Much attention is given to the corn crop, nearly all their ceremoni- al dances being more or less invocations or thanksgiving for rain. They have a feast of the dead a year after the funeral, and are devoted to the peyote rite, going hundreds of miles on foot to procure supplies of the cactus. Their houses are small thatched huts of logs or stones laid in clay mortar, and they frequently utilize the mountain caves for dwelling purposes. TASCHEREAU, tash'ro', Elz^ar Alex- andre (1820-98). A Canadian prelate and cardi- nal, born in the Province of Quebec. He was educated at the Quebec Seminary, with which, after his ordination to the priesthood in 1842, he remained connected for nearly thirty years, first as professor of moral philosophy and from 1860 as director. In 1862 he was made vicar- general of the diocese, and archbishop in 1871. In 1886 he became a cardinal, the first Canadian member of the Sacred College. TASCHEREAU, Jules Aktoine (1801-74). A French author and statesman, born at Tours. He studied law at Orleans, and then entered journalism in Paris. He was for a time the edi- tor of the Nntiomil : served in the magistracy; and in 1833 founded the Revue r^trospectii-e, devoted to the collection of documents upon his- tory and literature (20 vols., 1833-37). In 1837 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He sat in the Constituent Assembly, and then in the Legislative Assembly ; supported the Empire, and was rewarded with a place in the National Library, of which he in time became director. Among his published works are; Uisfoire dr la, vie et des ouvrages de Uoliere (1825) ; and His-
