TTLM. 617 ULTRAMARINE. city as early as the twelftli century, and Iiad bcioine very prosperous by the close of the Middle Ages. In 1530 the city accepted the Ref- oniiatioii. and the nuijorit- of the people liave since been Lutherans. In 1802 I'lni was at- tached to Bavaria, and became part of Wiirt- teniberg in 1810. Here on October 17, 1805, the Austrian general Mack surrendered to the French with about 2.3.000 men. Consult : Pres- sel, Uliniadies Urkundcnbucli (Stuttgart, 1873); Locttler, (leschichte dcr Fcstung Chn (Ulm, 1883); Sehultes, Chronik von Ulm (ib., 188G). ULMIN. See Humus. TJL'PIAN (DoMiTius Ulpianus). A dis- tinguisl'.cd Roman jurist, a citizen of Tyre, who lived in the latter part of the second and the first part of the third century. Under .Septimius Severus (a.d. 103-211) he became assessor in the auditorium qiPapinian (q.v.), i.e. he was an as- sociate justijt when Papinian was pnrtorian prefect or Chief Justice of the Empire. Under Caraealla, who put Papinian to death, Ulpian retained his position ; but Elagabalus stripped him of his dignities and exiled him from Rome. On the accession (a.d. 222) of the youthful Alex- ander Severus, to whose mother he was related, Ulpian was recalled, appointed guardian of the Emperor and pra-torian prefect, and became the virtual Regent of the Empire. He was slain in B.C. 228 in a rising of the Prfetorian Guard. Ulpian was one of the most prolific of the Roman legal writers. Besides voluminous com- mentaries on the civil law and on the praetorian edict. he published collections of cases ( 'opinions.' 'responses,' etc. ) , books of 'rules' and 'institutions,' treatises on the powers and duties of different magistrates, and many mono- graphs. On account of the lucidity of his style, Justinian's compilers drew more largely upon his writings than upon those of any other jurist. Excerpts from his works con.stitute one-third of the Digest. Outside of Justinian's Digest, only one of Ulpian's Ijooks lias been even jiartially preserved, viz. his monograph on rules {Liber tiiitgtilaris Regularum) , which appears to have been a hand-book for practitioners. It is fre- quently printed with the Institutes of Gaius. as in Muirhead's edition (Edinburgh. 1880), and in that of .bdy and Walker (3d ed.. Cambridge, Eng.. 1883). See' Civil Law ; .Jubiscon.sult. ULRICH, oiil'rik (1487-1.5.50). Duke of Wiirttemberg, He was the son of Count Henry IV., and at the age of eleven succeeded to the dukedom, assuming personal power in 1503. He added to the territory of Wiirttemberg. but so impoverished the peasanti'y that in 1514 they rose in revolt. This he quelled only after many important concessions. By the murder of Hans von Hutten. brother of Ulrich von Hutten, he aroused the enmit,y of the dukes of Bavaria and the nobility. He was placed under the ban of the Empire, and was driven from the country by the Swabian League in 1510. and his possessions were sold by the League to Charles V.. who transferred them afterAvards to his brother Ferdinand. Ulrich went over to the Protestants, and with the aid of Philip of Hesse won back his dukedom, at the head of an arm.v of 20.000 men (1534). but only as a fief of Austria. He then carried on the work of the Reformation, joined the Schmalkaldic League, and fought against Charles V. in 154(1. He bought a precarious peace from the Emperor at great cost, and died in 1550 just as he was again threatened with deposition. Con.sult Kugh'r, Vhich, llerzog zu Wtiiilniibei-g (Stuttgart, l8t>5). ULRICH, fil'rik, Cuahles Fbedkbick (1858 — ). An American painter, born in New York City and educated at the Cooper Institute and the National Academy of that city. Afterwards he studied in Munich. In 1883 he was awarded the Thomas B. C'hirke prize for his picture "In the Lan<l of I'romi.se," and was elected an associate of the National Academy. His pictures include "The Carpenter," "A Dutch Typesetter," "The tilassBldwers."' and "The Wood Engraver." ULRICH VON HUTTEN, ool'riK f6n hi.it'- ten. See HrTTE.N'. Ulru n vox. ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN, llK'ten- stln (e.l200-7<p) . . German minnesinger, born in Styria. of an ancient noble race, and who was Landeshauptmann of Styria in 1245, headed the refractory Styrian nobility, and went through a terrible imprisonment in his own castle of Frauenburg. His chief work, Frnuendienst, is invaluable for the history of civilization. In it he describes adventurous tournaments which he, a married man. undertook in the service of a high-born mistress. It is .a sort of rhymed memoir work, covering the period from 1211 to 1255, interspersed with his own graceful lyrics. ULRICH VON TURHEIM, tur'him. A Swabian noble and e])ic poet of the thirteenth century. Of the details of his life notliing is known. He continued, using other sources, Gott- fried von Strassburg's Tristan tind Isolde, and Wolfram von Eschenbach's Willchdlm. The for- mer is conjccturally dated 1240, the latter, entitled Der slarlce Renneirart, 1250. Consult: Bechstein, Tristan und Isolde (Leipzig, 1875) ; and Lohmeyer, Die Handsehriften des Willehalm I'hieh lun'Tiirheim (Halle. 1882). ULRICI, ool-re'tse. Hermann (1806-84). A German philosopher, born at Pfdrten, Branden- burg. He studied at Halle and Berlin, and after a brief career as a lawyer devoted himself ex- clusively to literature and pliilosoph.v. In 1834 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Halle, where he resided till his death. Among his works are to be mentioned: (leschichte der Jul- Icnischen Dichtktinst (1835) ; Ueber Shakcspeures dramatische Kunst (1839; Eng. transl., 1864): Ueber Princip und Methode der Hegelschcn Phi- losophic (1841) ; Das (Irundprineip der Philo.io- phie (184.5-46) : Si/stem der Logik (1852) : Gott iind die Xatur (1862): (Holt und der Mensch (1866-72). He was an opponent of the Hegelian philosophy, and endeavored to establish an em- pirical iilealism. UL'STER. The northernmost province of Ireland, comprising the nine. counties of Antrim, Armagh. Cavan. Donegal. Down, Fcrnianagli. Londonderry, ^lonaghan. and Tyrone ((|q.v.). Total area. 8613 square miles. Population, in 1861. 2.38!).-263: in 18!)], 1.610.814: in 11101, 1.581.350. The Presbyterians and Episcopalians constitute more than half of the inhabitants. ULSTER KING - AT - ARMS. The chief heraldic officer of Ireland, See Kin(;-at-.rms. ULTRAMARINE (from Lat. ultra, beyond -{- marinus, marine, from mare, sea). A blue
