UMBILICAL HERNIA. 622 UMLAUFT. ing the parts to their proper position, to place t)ie convex surface of an ivory hemisphere on the navel, and to retain it there either with strips of adhesive plaster or with a bandage. Special trusses are made for the treatment of this aflee- tionln adults. In cases of irreducible hernia a large hollow pad should be worn. If it becomes strangulated, an operation maj' become necessary. Early operation is now often resorted to for the radical cure of umbilical hernia. See Hebnia. UMBILICUS. The anatomical term for the navel. UMBRELLA-BIRD. A black South Ameri- can bird [CepJialoiilcrus pendiiliger) , the size of a crow, whose head is ornamented with a crest forming a covering somewhat like a parasol, com- posed of straight elevated feathers with white and stiff shafts terminated by black beards which project forward. The sides of the neck are naked, but long, black, glossy, metallic feathers, forming a loose pelerine hanging below the breast, spring from the throat and sides of the neck. The tail is long and slightly rounded. There are two other closely allied species. They live in deep woods, make rough stick nests, and utter cries, especially at twilight, described as 'lowings.' See CoTiNGAand Plate of CoTiNGAS, etc, UMBRELLA PLANT. See Cyperus. UMBRELLA TREE. See iUGXOLlA ; CniXA Tkee. UMBRETTE. A peculiar heron-like bird {Scopus umbretta) representing alone an African family (Scopidae) closely related to the shoe-bill (Balaeniceps). It is a native of the wooded re- gions of Jladagascar and most of Africa. It has a body about the size of a common fowl's, long naked legs, with very large, slightly webbed toes, and a large head with a long, strong, keeled stork-like beak, surmounted by a great crest, suggesting in profile the name 'hammerhead' given to the bird by many Englisli observers. The plumage is purplish brown, with black tail bars; and its smoky tints make it almost in- visible in the dusk when it most often goes abroad. At night, according to Evans, it roosts in trees. Its food consists of fish, reptiles, frogs, worms, mollusks, and insects captured in shal- low water; and while feeding the birds have a curious habit of ski]iping roiuid each other with extended wings. The note is a harsh quack or weak metallic sound. The nest is an enormous structure of sticks, lined with roots, grass, rushes, or clay, having a hole at the side, and ordinarily a flat top; it is placed in a tree, on a rocky ledge, or exceptionally on the ground. Three to five white eggs form the complement, UM'BRIA, In ancient geography, a country of Central Italy, corresponding loosely with the modern territorial division of the same name, which constitutes the Province of Perugia. At an early date the name Umbria was applied indefi- nitely to a large territory in Central and Northern Italy. The Umbrians were among the oldest and most powerful nations of Italy, and probably held all the land in Central Italy between the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian Sea. This territory was grad- ually decreased by the encroachment of the Etruscans on the west, of the various Celtic tribes on the north, and of the Picentes on the south, until the Umbrians were shut off from the sea in the valleys east of the Apennines, Umbria at the period of the Roman conquest of Italy was bounded on the north by the Ager (.laUiciis, on the east by Picenum, on the south by the country of the Sabines, and on the west by Etruria, The historical prominence of the Um- brians ends with the beginning of the third cen- tury B.C.; they w'ere defeated by Rome in B.C. 308, and, with the other confederated peoples, were crushed at the battle of Sentinum, B.C. 29.5. After B.C. 220 the Via Flaminia ran through the country. Umbria, together with the Ager Galli- ciis, which had been restored to the territory after the conquest of the Senones by the Romans, constituted the sixth region of Italy in Augus- tus's division. Knowledge of the Umbrian civili- zation and language has been gained chiefly from inscriptions, as the accounts left by ancient writers are of uncertain value. The most impor- tant of these epigraphical remains are the seven bronze tablets found at Gubbio (the ancient /(/Hrn/m, the mediaeval iJ»3»hi»ni ) in 1444. See EuGUBiNE Tables ; also, for the language, Italic Languages, paragraph Vmbrian. The district known in modern times as Umbria was a part of the Papal States until 1800. The Province of Perugia has an area of 3748 square miles. The population in 1901 was 675,- 352. The surface is mountainous, but the valleys are fertile. Capital. Perugia (q.v.). UMBRIAN SCHOOL OF PAINTING. The name applied to the Central Italian (lainters of the Renaissance, living chiefly within the modern Province of Umbria. The Umbrian school is characterized by its intense but dreamy religious sentiment. This is achieved by the ecstatic ex- pression of the faces and by the effect of great distance or spaciousness. The Umbrians had admirable illustrative qualities and good color, but they were deficient in form and dramatic action. Though usually classed as Umbrians, the principal painters of the northern part of this territory differed from the others in their high proficiency in form and motion. Such artists were Piero degli Franceschi (d.l492), and his pupils. Melozzo da Forli and Luca Si- gnorelli. Oentile da Fabriano (d.l428) may be considered the first great Umbrian painter. Fra Angelico and his pupil Benozzo Gozzoli exer- cised a strong influence. The founder of the Umbrian school in its narrower sense was Nic- colf> da Foligno, and the first important Peru- gian master was Bonfigli ; then in the later fifteenth century came Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, Pin- turicchio, and Perugino, its best known master next to his pupil Raphael. All the best qualities of the school culminated in Raphael, who added the best that Florence and the antique could give. A characteristically Umbrian contempo- rary of Raphael was "Lo Spagna" at Spoleto. Consult Berenson. Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance (New York. 1897). and the works cited under Florentine School of Painting. UMBRINE. A fish. See Meagre. UMLAUFT, onni'louft. Friedrich (1844—). An Austrian geographer and author, born and educated in Vienna, where he became professor at the State Gymnasium of Mariahilf and at the mu- nicipal Teachers' College in 1870. He wrote: Die osterreichisch-iingarisehc Monarchic (3d ed. 1S96) ; Die Alpen. Bandbuch der qcxammten Al- penl,unde ( 1887 ; English trans., 1889) . After 1882
