UNIFORMS. 635 UNIFORMS. yellow, and those of the infantry red. The win- ter uniform is dark blue, and the summer uni- form white. The eanipaign uniforms adopted in U)03 are of Khaki, and are modeled after the British and German types. United States. An important and radical alteration in the uniform of the Initcd iStates Army was made in U)02. It comprised the adop- tion "of 'full dress,' 'dress,' and 'service' uniforms (with summer and winter additions); the hel- met was abolished and a cap, shaped somewhat like the British officers' forage-cap, was substi- tuted; minute adherence to detaihs and strict observance of times and places or 'occasions' when each kind of dress was appropriate were enjoined. In the new dress, the results of the experience of all nations as to utility and orna- ment were combined. For all uniforms excepting overcoat and 'ser- vice dress' the traditional color — dark blue — was retained with facings or piping of red. yellow, and white for the artillery, cavalry, and in- fantry respectively. For the staff corps and de- partments colors for facings, etc., were prescribed as follows: Scarlet piped with white for the engineers; orange piped with white for the signal corps; black piped with scarlet for the ordnance department; maroon for the medical corps; and bufT for the quartermaster's department. The overcoat was an 'ulster' of a yellowish-brown color. The chapeau was discarded for all pur- poses save 'full-dress — dismounted' for generals and officers of the general staff. In 1003 a new material of an 'olive drab' shade was adopted for the 'service dress;' all insignia and metal trimmings and buttons were of bronze; and boots and leggings of russet leather were prescribed. The full-dress coat for officers is double- breasted, with a double row of buttons, and for general officers has a velvet collar. With it are worn epaulets (by general officers) or shoulder knots, while the appropriate insignia for the corps, department, or arm of the service and the rank of the officer are indicated by devices and braid on the collar and cuffs. The dress coat for all officers except general officers is a single-breasted sack coat of dark blue cloth trinuned with black braid, but without brass buttons. Shoulder straps and appropriate corps devices on the collar are worn with this coat. The white coat is similar to the dress coat save that the insignia of rank is placed on the shoulder loop and the shoulder straps are omitted. The general officers' dress coat is a dnnble-breasted sack coat with brass buttons. The service coat of olive drab is a sack coat with outside patch pockets and has the insignia of rank on the shoulder strap and the corps devices on the collar. These with the buttons are of dull bronze. Private soldiers have the same gen- eral classes of uniforms. The full dress uniforms are adorned with a breast cord and tassel of the corps, color of the department, or arm of the service, as are the piping of the collar, shoulder loops, and cuff. The trousers of the full-dress uniform are of sky blue with a stripe of the color appropriate to the corps or arm. The cap which replaces the helmet for full dress has a stripe of cloth of the proper color, while it has the appropriate insignia of metal in front. The dress cap has the band removed, while in service the well-known felt campaign Vol. XIX. —41. hat is worn. The various insignia worn in tho United States Army are described in some detail under Militaky Insiunia; Chevhons; Epau- lets; etc. The uniform foir the cadets of the United States Jlilitary Academy (q.v.) is of gray, the service coat being a sack coat trimmed with black braid without buttons, while the dress coat is a swallow-tailed coat with brass bell buttons. The marks of ranks of the cadet officers are chevrons with the points upward. NAVAL I'NIFORMS. Jlodern naval imiforms are marked by the same general characteristics throughout the navies of the world, and resemble each other quite closely. This, doubtless, is due to the fact that naval officers and men are universally exposed to the same conditions anil that the ceremonies and usages at sea obtain in nmch the same form under different flags. The uniforms of the United States Navy, described in some detail belnw, may be considered fairly typical, and the deviations are usually in such details as epaulets, gold lace, insignia, etc., for which each seivice h.as its own definite and minute regulations. The uniform for the British Navy closely re- sembles that of the United States Navy. For officers there are eight diti'erent suits to be worn on specific occasions, classed as follows: Full dress, ball dress, frock coat with epaulets, frock coat, undress, mess dress, mess undress, white undress. Tlie undress uniform differs from that worn in the United States Navy in that it has a double-breasted coat with brass buttons instead of the blouse trimmed with braid. On all the vuiiforms the distinctive marks of rank are stripes on the sleeves and approjiriate devices on the shoulder strap or epaulet. The significant de- grees on the latter are as follows: Admiral of the fleet, crown, and crossed cannon surrounded by a wreath; admiral, crown, crossed sword and I)aton and thi'ee stars; vice-admiral, the same, with two stars: rear-admiral, the same, with one star; a commodore or senior captain has a crown and anchor and two stars, while a junior captain has the same with one star: a commander has a crown and anchor, a senior lieutenant a star and anchor, and a junior lieutenant an anchor. The Russian Na'y in its dress resembles the British, but is less elaborate and has some marked peculiarities. Officers (in winter) wear a dark blue frock coat, a reefer jacket, or a monkey jacket : in summer, white. The cap is high, ilat-topped, and of the color of the dress worn. Cocked hats are required for full dress. In winter both ofl'icers and men wear a brown woolen cape, also goloshes over the boots. The Russian officer out of quarters is always in uni- fonn. The enlisted man in winter wears a short gray overcoat, belted at the waist. On shore duty he wears a military tunic and leggings. The uniform of officers of the United States Navy consists of three classes — dress, undress, and service dress. The dress uniforms are. spe- cial full dress, full dress, dress, evening dress A, evening dress B. mess dress. The undress uniforms are undress A and undress B. Service dress is either bine or white. The special full- dress uniform consists of a doiiblebreasted blue broadcloth coat with standing collar and eighteen gilt buttons, nine in each row; blue trousers with a stripe of gold lace down the outside seam ;
