TJNITAKIANISM. 64:1 UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST. bodies are the Protestaittciircrciii of Germany, the Protestant enhond of Honanil, the lirulimo- somaj of India, and organizations of the liberal Protestants in FrancCj Switzcrhand, and Scan- dinavia. The chief training schools for the Unitarian ministry in Europe are the Unitarian College in Klausenburg. Hungary; the Jlanchester Col- lege, Oxford. England; the Unitarian Home Mis- sionary College. Manchester, England; and the Presbyterian College, Carmarthen. Wales. In America the Unitarian ministry is chiefly sup- plied from two undenominational divinity schools, which were founded by Unitarians and are maintained largely by Unitarians, but which require no dogmatic tests antl which welcome alike in faculty and student body members of all denominations. These two schools are: (1) The Harvard Divinity School, situated at Cambridge, JIass., in connection with Harvard University (q.v. ), and (2) the iloadville Theo- logical School, founded in ileadville.. Pa., in 1844, wliicii like the Harvard Divinity School, enjoys an ample endowment. The charter of the Meadville School provides that '"no doctrine or text shall ever be made a condition of depriving any of the opportunities of instruction in this school." BiBLiOGEAPHT. The more important period- icals of the Unitarians are The Christian Regis- ter (Boston) ; The Christian Life and The In- quirer (London); Unitarius Kozloni/ (Klausen- burg, Hungary ) . For the history of the Unitarian movement, consult: J. H. Allen. Our Liberal Morement in Theoloffi/ (Boston, 1882), and his Historical Sketch of the Unitarian Movement (Xew York, 1894) : E. H. Hall, Orthodoxy and Heresy (Boston. 1883) ; Bonet-JIaury, Early Sources of Unitarian Christianity in England (London, 1884) ; Crooker, The Unitarian Church (Boston, 1902) ; Cooke. Unifarianism in America (ib., 1902). For the doctrines, consult: F. H. Hedge, Reason in Relic/ion (ib., 1875) : J. F. Clarke, Essentials and Xon-essentials in Religion (ib., 1878) ; J. ilartineau, Seat of Authority in Religion (London. 1890); B. Herford, Forward Movement Lectures (ib., 1895), together with the publications of the American Unitarian Asso- ciation and the British and Foreign L'nitarian Association. For fvirther references, see the works of W. E. Channing, Theodore Parker, J. F. Clarke, M. J. .Savage, and the biographies of W. E. Channing, Theodore Parker. R. A^'. Emer- son, E. S. Gannett, and Dorothea L. Dix. UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS, Jtj- ^■IOR Order of. An order established in 1853 as a feeder to the Order of United American Me- chanics (q.v.), providing for the admission of youths under the age of eighteen and their train- ing for membership in the older organization. In 1885 the original purpose of the order was abandoned and it became an independent bene- ficiary organization. The total membership is about 112.000; total benefits disbursed from date of organization to 1903. .$4,288,920. UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS, Or- der OF. A patriotic, fraternal, and benevolent organization founded in Philadelphia in 1845 with the object of safeguarding the interests of the American mechanic against the dangerous competition of foreign-born immigrants. Jlem- bcrs must be eighteen years of age, born on Ameri- can soil or where the flag Hies, advocates of the public school, and opposed to the union of Cliurch and State. No colored people are ad- mitted. The order has no alUliations with trade unions, and does not interfere in labor dis- putes. It has a funeral benefit department and an insurance department. The Loyal Legion of United American Mechanics is the uniformed di- vision of the order, established by the national council in 184(i. There is also a woman's auxil- iary known as the Daughters of Liberty, estab- lished in 1875. The membership of the order is about 430.000 and the Iienefits disbursed since the date of organization amount to $120,000,000. UNITED BAPTISTS. See Bapti.st.s, United. UNITED BRETHREN, The. See Moba- VIAN.S. UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST, TuE. A religious denomination which arose among the Germans of Pennsylvania, under the preaching of Philip William Otterbein (q.v.), an ordained pastor of the German Reformed Church, and Mar- tin Boehni, a preacher among the Mennonites. As their converts increased, laymen were licensed to preach. Their first formal conference met in Baltimore (1789), and their first annual confer- enc at Frederick. Md.. in ISOO. Here the name by which they have since been known was adopted, and Otterbein and Boehm were elected first bishops. The first General Conference met in 1815, when a Confession of Faith and a Discipline were adopted. The organization of the United Brethren in Christ includes quarterly and annual confer- ences, and a quadrennial General Conference, which is the only legislative bodj-, and since 1901 has been composed of an equal number of min- isters and laymen. The superintendency of the Church is vested in the bishops, who. with the general Church officers, are elected every four years by the General Conference. Since 1889 women have been eligible to the ministry. All or- dained preachers are elders, the only order recog- nized, ilembers are forbidden the use of intoxi- cating liquors, and must not traffic in them. Slavery was prohibited after 1821. The theology of the United Brethren in Christ is Arminian. They accept two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper. The mode of baptism is left to the choice of the candiilate. Infant baptism is practiced. The spiritually dynamic presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper is acknowledged. The practice of foot-washing is discretionary. The government of the Church is democratic. The itinerant systenf is enjoined, but pastorates are not limited as to time. A commission appointed by the General Confer- ence of 1885 prepared, without doctrinal change, a restatement of the Confession of Faith and a revision of the Constitution, which, having been approved by the nicmliers. was adopted and pro- claimed by the General Conference of 1889. It provided for lay delegates to the General Con- ference and set aside a rule prohibiting member- ship in secret societies. At this time Bishop Jlilfon Wright and 14 of the 125 delegates com- posing the Conference withdrew and formed a branch of the Church, which adheres to the Con- fession of Faith and the Constitution as they were before the revision.
