TATIAN. 57 TATTAM. Both the extant -works of Tatian may be found in translation in the Antc-Xicene Fathers, vols. ii. and iv. (New York, 1885 et seq. ). TATISHTCHEFF, ta-tish'chef , Vassili NiKiTiTCii (1080-1750). A Russian historian, born iu the Government of Pskov. He was edu- cated in the Moscow School of Artillery and En- gineering and in Germany. For many years he was superintendent of the mines of the Ural re- gion, and Governor of Astrakhan. He wrote a valuable History of Russia. His Testament ( 1775) is a didactic work addressed to his son. TATIirS, ta'shi-us, Achilles. A Greek writer. See Achilles Tatius. TATLER, The. A penny paper published at London by Sir Richard Steele, issued three times a week and running through 271 numbers, be- tween April 12, 1709, and January 2, 1711. Its original purpose was merely to describe events of the day ; but with the contributions of Addi- son, which began in number 18, it gradually as- sumed a more didactic tone and eventually be- came a set of essays on various social and quasi- political topics. Its sudden withdrawal was probably occasioned by the exception taken by Steele's superiors in Government offices to cer- tain statements printed in" it and the editor's consequent dismissal from the gazetteership. His pseudonym of Bickerstaffe had also by this time been penetrated. Steele wrote 188 of the papers and Addison 41. The remainder were mostly -svritten by both in collaboration. The successor of the Tatler was the Spectator (q.v.). TAT'NALL, JosiAH (1795-1871). An Ameri- can naval officer, born at Bonaventure, near Sa- vannah, Ga. He was educated in England, and entered the United States Navy in 1812. He served with Decatur in the Algerine War, became a lieutenant in 1818. had charge in 1829 of the surveys of the Tortugas reefs, received command of the mosquito division in the Mexican War, participated in the capture of Vera Cruz, and led the attack upon the forts at Tuxpan, where he was wounded. In 1850 he was promoted to a captaincy, and in 1857 became flag-officer on the Asiatic station. In June, 1859, he actively aided the British gunboats accompanying tlie British envoy sent to Peking to exchange ratifi- cations of the treaty made in the preceding year, and helped to tow the British marines to a point whence they attempted to storm the Taku forts. During a visit made by Tatnall to the British flagship for the purpose of offering the services of American surgeons, some of the men who had accompanied him served, without his knowledge at the time, one of the forward gims of the Brit- ish flagship. In extenuation of this technical viola- tion of international law he declared that "Blood is thicker than water;" and his action was sus- tained both by public opinion and the Govern- ment. On the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he resigned and became a captain in the Confederate Navy, charged with the defense of Georgiii and South Carolina. In March. 18fi2. he was given command of the Merrimac (Vir- ginia), and the defenses of Virginia; destroyed this vessel in order to escape capture; was later court-martialed for this, but was ac- quitted ; was rmsuccessful in his defense of Savannah, and was in January, 1865, obliged to destroy his fleet. He was included in Johnston's surrender to Sherman, was paroled, and in 1806 removed with his family to Halifax, but returned in 1870 and was inspector of the port of Savan- nah until his death. Consult the Life of Com- modore Tatnall. by C. C. Jones and Tatnall's son, J. R. F. Tatnall (Savannah, 1878). TATRAFtJRED, ta'tra-fu'red (Ger. Scliiiicks). A noted Hungarian watering-place and health resort in the county of Zips, situated in the midst of pine forests on the southern slope of the Hobe TStra, at the foot of the Schlagen- dorf peak at an elevation of 3340 feet above the sea. It has mineral springs, pine-cone baths, and a cold-water cure. Near by are the health resorts of Uj Tatrafiired (Neuschmeks) and Also Tatrafiired (Lower Schmeks). TATRA (tii'tro) MOUNTAINS. See Cae- PATllIAN Jl0U>-TAINS. TATS, tiits. An agricultural people of ex- treme Western Persia and the Caspian region .of the Caucasus. Although they may possess some Mongolian blood, they are not Tatars either somatically or linguistically. Some authorities class them with the Persian Tajiks (q.v.). They are closely related to the Gurans. The Caspian Tats number between 30,000 and 40,000. Their language is a dialect of Persian. TA TS'ING, til'tsing' (or Ch'ing). The dy- nasty on the throne of China at the opening of the twentieth cent^iry. It is of Manchu origin and begins with the year 1644. The name — Ts'ing — means 'pure' or 'purity,' and is said to be s3aiony- mous with the word Manchu. Ta means 'great' and is prefixed to almost all dynastic names. It is to be remembered that the personal name of a Chinese Emperor is never used during his life- time. When he comes to the throne a name for the period of years during which he reigns is cho.sen; but it is convenient at times to transfer this name to the man himself ; hence we sometimes speak of the Emperor K'ang-hi, or the Emperor K'ien- lung, though strictly speaking these names de- note only certain periods of years. After death a 'temple-name' is chosen for each, and this is the name by which he is spoken of in history. The Reign-Pebiods of the Ta Ts'ing L'h'ao or 'Great Pttre' Dvnabty of China NA.ME OF REIGN 1. Shun-chih 2. K'ang-hi or K'an^-hsi 3. Yung-chinpr. or Yung-ch^hg. 4. K'ien-lung or Ch'ien-Iung 5. K'ia-K'ing or Chia-ch'ing... 6. Tao-Kwang 7. Hien-fung or Hsien-feng 8. T'ling-chih 9. Kwang-su or Kwang-hsii Began 1644 1661 1662 1722 1723 1735 1736 1795 1796 1820 1821 1850 1851 1861 1862 1874 1875 TAT'TAM,. Henry (1788-1868). A dis- tinguished Coptic scholar. He was born in Ire- land and was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, and at Giittingen and Leyden ; he was or- dained in the Church of England : and was rector of Saint Cuthbert's, Bedford, 1818-45; arch- deacon of Bedford, 1844; and rector of Stamford Rivers. Essex, 1849. He traveled in the East and became distinguished as an Orientalist, in which department he published various works. Among the ancient Syriac manuscripts which he found at a convent in Egv-pt were the Ecclesiastical ' History of John, Bishop of Ephesus, and the
