UPPER AUSTRIA. 750 UPSALA. UPPER AUSTRIA, or Austria Above the Enxs. An aix-hduohy and erownland, occupying the western part of the original Archduchy of Austria — the nucleus of the Austrian Emjjire. It is" bounded on the north by Bavaria and Bo- hemia, on the east by Lower Austria, on the south by Styria and Salzburg, on the west by Bavaria, from which it is separated by the Inn and its tributary, the Salzach (Map: Austria, D 2). Area, 4631 square miles. Almost all the arcliduehy is either mountainous or rolling. The Danube divides the land into two very unequal parts. The northern and smaller be- longs to the primitive formation of the Bohmer Wald system, while the southern belongs to the Alps (Kalkalpen) system, where high peaks, with glaciers on their slopes, lift their heads. Tlie highest point in the archduchy is approximately 10,000 feet — the Dachstein, on the extreme south- ern border. In the mountainous southwest- ern portion is the famous Salzkammergut ( q.v. ) , from which the Traun Valley descends south- easterly to below Linz, through the heart of the archduchy. In the western portion is the Haus- ruck region, which produces brown coal in abun- dance. The Enns, an affluent of the Danube, en- tering near the southeast corner of the arch- duchy, marks the eastern boundary. Upper Austria is well watered. The Kammersee and Traunsee are the largest of its lakes. There are about thirty mineral springs, the best known being the saline waters at Ischl and the iodine waters at Hall. The climate is moderate and bracing. The archduchy is highly productive. Over one- third of the total area is tilled, over one-third is in forests and nearl.y one-fifth meadows. Barley, oats, wheat, vegetables, fruit, and wine are the most prominent productions. Cattle and horse- raising are very important industries. Brown coal and salt are extensively mined, and there are valuable quarries of gj'psum and stone. Cop- per is found in the north. Tlie salt industry is a Government monopol,y and about 30 per cent. of the product of the Empire is supplied by Up- per Austria. The arcliduelu' manufactures metal wares — weapons, knives, etc. — machiner.v, linens, cottons, paper, and cellulose. The Landtag has 50 members, including the Bishop of Linz, 10 representatives from large landed estates, 17 from cities, 19 from rural communities, and 3 from the chambers of in- dustr.v and commerce in the capital, Linz, the leading town. To the Lower House of Austria the erownland sends 20 delegates, all German. Population, in 1900, 810,246, mostly German Catholics. UPPER SANDUS'KY. The county-seat of Wyandot County, Ohio, 60 miles north b,y west of Columbus; on the Sandusky River, and on the Pennsylvania and Hocking Valley railroads (Map: Ohio, D 4). It has an old mission church, a handsome court house, and a park. Upper Sandusky is chiefly engaged in manufacturing, the most important products being agricultural implements, hay presses, buggies, and other vehicles, caskets and burial cases, steam-presses, and tools. Population, in 1890, 3572; in 1900, 3,355. UPPER TUNGUSKA, tun-goo'ska. See An- OABA. UPSALA, up-sii'la. The capital of the Lan of Upsala, Sweden, on both banks of the navi- gable Fyris, in a fertile and historic plain, 41 miles by rail iijorth-nortliwest of Stockholm (Map: Sweden, G 7). The ancient city is best known now for its university. ( See Up.sala, Uni- versity OF. ) The new town lies on a level on the left bank of the river; the old portion ascends the hills on the west shore. The fine French- Gothic catliedral dates from 1200 and was com- pletely restored between 1886 and 1803. The in- terior contiiins the splendid burial chapel of Gus- tavus Vasa. The cathedral also contains a monument to Linn.Teus, who lived in Upsala. Among the university buildings in the vicinity of the cathedral are the ancient Gustavianum, the Carolina Rediviva (1841), and the handsome new Renaissance structure completed in 1886. The valuable university library is celebrated for the Codex Argenteus of Ulfilas (q.v.). The bo- tanic garden is very fine. The half-finished historic castle — the 'Slott — on the hill to the south of the town was built b.v Gustavus Vasa in 1548, and is now used for the provincial ar- chives. Southeast and stretching along the Fyris is the Striimparterre — a pleasure park called b.y the students the 'hole of a beehive.' Upsala has an interesting cemetery. South of the city is the noteworthy LTltuna Agricultural Insti- tute. Several miles farther south is the splendid Chateau of Skokloster. Its origin is due to Marshal Wrangel, who housed here his rich col- lections accumulated in Germany in the Thirty Years' War. Northeast of LIpsala lies the nota- ble village of Gamla Upsala, the capital of the ancient pagan kings, who worshiped here in a celebrated temple. Adjacent are tumuli (about 60 feet high) which were connected with the pa- gan rites. In the vicinity is the Tingshog — a hill (32 feet high) from w-hich the ancient rulers spoke to the people. Upsala has an excellent school system, com- prising both normal and high schools, a fine hos- pital, an insane as.ylum. a royal society of sci- ence, a medical assftciation, and an organization for the study of the humanities. The Museum of Northern Antiquities is in the garden of Linnaeus. LTpsala was formerly an important commercial centre. The trade and manufactures are now un- important, the town owing its prosperity mainly to the university. Population, in 1901. 23.802. UPSALA, University of. An institution of learning situated at Upsala, Sweden. In 1477 Pope Sixtus IV. gave permission to establish a Studium Generate at Upsala after the model of Bologna and lectures were begun the same year. In 1566 Eric XIV. established a chair of Greek. King John III. established four new pro- fessorships, but as the professors refused to assent to the King's Catholicizing acts, the univer- sity was closed. It was not until 1503, when the Reformation again gained a strong foothold in Sweden, that the university was reestablished, with two faculties, theological and philosophical. Gustavus Adolphus endowed the university mu- nificently, thus assuring its material independ- ence. The Gustavianum, one of the oldest build- ings, dating from the reign of this monarch, is still extant. In 1002 the imiversit.v consisted of the faculties of theolog.y, law, medicine, and philosophy. The attendance was 1388. The library, which was enriched considerably by the
