URINE. 763 URQUHAE.T. triple phosphates of amiiionhim and magnesium, and DCtaliedral crystals of oxalate of caleiiim. These changes may progress in the pelvis of the kidney or in the bladder, trie acid gravel or calculus is found in either situation, causing much pain and a grave pathological conditinu, as the changes in the nuicous membrane lining either cavity are important. (See Calcilus.) Uric acid or urate calculi are generally red and quite hard. Oxalate calculi are usually found, when present, in the pelvis of the kidney, and are of such shape and color as to be called 'mul- berry' calculi. Phosphatic calculi are white and soft, and often appear as dust. Calcium car- bonate, cystin, and xanthin calculi are rare. Cal- culi may be prevented, and probably phosphatic calculi may be dissolved in the bladder by the use of lithia waters or salicylates. They cause severe inllanmiatory conditions in most cases. See LiTHic Acid Diatjiesis; Phosphatic Dia- thesis. See Microscopy, Clinical, and accom- panying illustrations. Consult Ogden, On the Urine { Philadelphia, "l901 ) . URINE, lNCONTiKE>-CE OP, Or Enuresis. A troublesome afl'ection, far more common in child- hood than in more advanced life. The child is in the habit of discharging its urine in bed dur- ing sleep. The habit may often be broken by proper domestic management, as withholding any excess of fluids before going to bed, and by waking it and making it discharge the contents of the bladder late at night. The most certain medicinal remedy is belladonna, given under a physician's advice. The various forms of me- chanical pressure that have been suggested, with the view of preventing the passage of the urine, cannot be too stronglj' condemned. Incontinence of urine consists of an easily excited and fre- quently repeated reflex micturition. It is seen in some cases of cerebral or spinal disease, when it is of a different nature. In these cases the bladder becomes filled, and subsequently formed urine dribbles away, owing to a failure in the nerve mechanism to cause contraction of the muscle fibres in the wall of the viscus. URINE, RETENTION OF. See Retention OF Urixe. UR'IYA LANGUAGE AND LITERA- TURE (Skt. Odra, Utkali) . The language and literature of Orissa (q.v. ), in Bengal, spoken by about 9,000,000 persons. Like the other mod- ern Aryan languages of India, it is analj'tic in structure. It seems to be descended from the Utkali or Odra dialect of Prakrit (q.v.). In general Uriya is related to Bengali (see Bengali Language and Literature), al- though it resembles Hindi. (See Hindustani Language and Literature.) The vocabulary is largely composed of Sanskrit loan-words, of which Uriya possesses more than any other of its kindred languages. There are no im- portant dialectic divisions. The standard dialect is that of Cuttack. The script, which is derived from the Devanagari (q.v.), is graceful, and noteworthy among the North Indian alphabets in that it is characterized by curves instead of angles. Uriya literature cannot be traced before the six- teenth century. It begins with Upendro Bhanj, the author of more than thirty poems, most of them religious or erotic, although he also wrote two dictionaries. Contemporary with him was Vol. XIX.— 49. Dinkrishno Das, wlio composed (he most famous Uriya poem, the Knsahdllcld (edited at Cuttack, 18U7). Most of the literature, however, consists of translations or para])lirases of Sanskrit works, such as the Jfiimuijinitt (q.v.), the lihngariKhjita (q.v.), and some of the Furanas (q.v.), while in later times the tendency has been to trans- late or ada|)t Bengali and English books. Consult: Beames, (■oinparative (Iriuninnr of tlie Modern Ari/an Laniiuugcs of India (3 vols., London, 1872-70) ; Cu.st, Modern Languaycs of the East Indies (ib., 1878) ; Sutton, Intro- ductory Qrammar of the Oriya Lanyvage (Calcutta, 18.31); Anon., The First Lesson in Oriya (Cuttack, 1844) ; Visvanath Misra, Easy Guide to Urijia Translation (ib., 1890); Jagan- nath Rao, Uttcal Atihidhun: .1 Dictionary of the Uriya Language (ib., 1891) ; Chakravarti, '"Notes on the Language and Literature of Orissa," in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic iSociety, Bengal Branch, vols. Ixvi.-lxvii. (Calcutta, 1900). URLICHS, oor'liKs, Ludwig von (1813-89). A German archiPologist, born in Osnabriick and educated at Bonn. He taught at Bbnn from 1844 to 1847, was then called to Greifswald and in 185,5 to Wiirzburg. He wrote on the his- tory of art, Skopas' Leben und Werke (1863), Die Anfunge dcr griechischen KUnstJergeschiehte (1871-72), and Beitriige zur Kunstgeschichte (188.5) ; and on Tacitus and Pliny. His "Grund- legiuig und Cieschichte der klassischen Altertvuns- wissenschaft" (18SG: 2d ed. 1S92), in Iwan jMulIer's Ilandhuch, is his most important work in classical philology. URMIA, ofir-me'a. A lake and city of Persia. See Urumiaii. UROCHORDA, u'ro-kor'da (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. oipd, oura, tail + xop^^i chorde, chord). A class of chordate animals, the ascid- ians (q.v.). U'RODE'LA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. oipi, oura, tail + SrjXot, delos, manifest). An order of the Amphibia which comprises the tailed amphibians, or aniphiumes, salamanders, and nuid-puppies (qq.v.), in which both fore and hind limlis are always present, and which have teeth in both jaws; and the sirens, in which the hind limbs, maxillary bones, teeth, and e.yelids are absent. This order is confined to the north temperate zone, except a few forms that extend along the highlands into Venezuela. About 100 species in seven families constitute the entire list. The geological origin of the group is uncertain ; representatives are numerous in the Lower Ter- tiary strata ; and a single Mesozoic specimen is known. Consult Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1902). URQUHART^ er'kert, David (1805-77). A British diplomat and political writer. He was born in Scotland, and was educated atSaint.Tohn's College, Oxford. In 1835-36 he was secretary of legation at -Constantinople. Because of opposi- tion to the Eastern policy of Lord Palmcrston, whom he suspected of collusion with the Czar, he resigned his position. After traveling in all parts of the East to obtain further information respecting the commercial and political influence of Russia, he returned to England, and both in his writings and in Parliament (1847-52) openly charged the Palmerston Ministry with betrayal of British interests. His publications include:
