UTRECHT. 783 UWINS. is the seat of an old Catholic (Jansenist) arch- bishop. History. Utrecht was the Eouinn Trajectum ad Uhcnum. The Bishopric of Utrecht, founded at t'.ie close of the seventh century by Saint Wil- librord, rose to importance under the patronage of the German emperors, and the bishops became prominent in their capacity as temporal princes among the feudal lords of the Holy Roman Em- pire. The city of Utrecht, having become very flourishing, succeeded in emancipating itself from the rule of the bishops. About 1527 the bish- opric and city passed into the possession of the Emperor Charles V. In 1.5.50 the see was elevated to the rank of an archbishopric. The Union of Utrecht, a compact joining together the seven provinces which were to form the Dutch Repub- lic, was concluded in 1579. The famous Treaty of Utrecht, terminating the War of the Spanish Succession, was signed here in 1713. UTRECHT, Peace of. The general designa- tion for a number of treaties which were con- cluded between the years 1713 and 1715 and brought to an end the War of the Spanish Suc- cession. (See Succession Wars.) On April 13, 1713, peace was signed at Utrecht between France on the one hand and England, Holland, Prussia, Savoy, and Portugal on the other. Spain concluded treaties with England, July 13, with Savoy, August 13, with Holland, June 26, 1714, and with Portugal, February 6, 1715. The treaty between France and Austria was signed at Rastadt, March 7, 1714, and this was adhered to by the Empire at Baden in September. The most important provisions of the various treaties were as follows: Philip V., of the House of Bour- bon, was recognized as King of Spain and the Indies, but it was stipulated that the crovns of Spain and France should never be united in the same person. Spain ceded to the Emperor Naples, the Milanese, Sardinia, and the Nether- lands ; to England, Gibraltar and Minorca ; to Savoj-, the island of Sicily; to Prussia, Upper Gelderland. France surrendered its hold on Lorraine and gave up Kehl, Breisach, and Frei- burg on the right bank of the Rhine, but retained Alsace with Strassburg. To England it ceded Acadia, Hudson's Bay, and Newfoundland, with the reservation of certain rights of fishery on the Banks. Louis XIV. recognized the title of the House of Hanover to the English throne, and agreed to expel tiie Pretender from France. The Electors of Cologne and Bavaria, allies of France, were restored to their possessions. The Dutch were given the right of garrisoning eight frontier towns in the Austrian Netherlands as a barrier against any future aggressions on the part of France. Their commercial interests were favored by the provision which kept the Scheldt closed to trade. The Prussian King received confirma- tion of his royal title and the Duke of Savoy was raised to the kingly dignity. (See Sardinia, Kingdom of.) England, in addition to its con- quests from France and Spain, received from both valuable trading privileges, and in the so-called Assiento (q.v.) with the latter laid the basis of an extremely lucrative slave trade with Span- ish America. The Peace of Utrecht eflfected the most important political rearrangement in Eu- rope between the Peace of Westphalia and the Congress of Vienna. Though France received far more favorable terms than it miglit have been forced to accept, Euroi)e was secured from its ambitions by the aggrandizement of its neighbors, Austria and Holland on the nortli, Prussia on the east, and SavDV on the southeast. With Utrecht the last two l^owers definitely entered upon the line of development which was to result in a united Germany and a united Italy in the nineteenth century. From Utrecht dates England's marvelous commercial and colonial growth. Consult IJisioire du congr6s ct dc la paix d'Vtrecht comme aussi do celJc de Rastatt et de Bade (Utrecht, 171G). UTRECHT, UxivESsiTT of. A national uni- versity of the Netherlands. founded in 1G3G upon the basis of a 'schola illustris,' established two years earlier by the city and province of Utrecht. During the French occupation in 1G72 the university was closed. It was reopened in 1674 with only 22 students, which number, liow- ever, increased to about 230 by the early part of the eighteenth centui-y. Nearly one-third of the students came from Great Britain. The uni- versity experienced another decline of fortune in ISll-13, as a result of the Napoleonic conquest, 'out has flourished since its reopening as a royal university in 1815. (For its place in the "na- tional system of education, see the section on the 'A'etherlands imder Unhtirsity. ) It is divided into five faculties — theology, law, medicine, math- ematics and science, and letters — and had, in 1902-03, 1012 students. There are twenty-one laboratories and clinics, and an observatory, in connection with the university. The library con- tains about 250,000 volumes, exclusive of pam- phlets and dissertations. The annual budget of the university is about 500,000 florins. UTRERA, oo-tra'ra. A town of the Province of Seville, Spain, 17 miles southeast of the city of that name, with which it has railway con- nection (Map: Spain, C 4). The town is situ- ated in a fertile plain sloping to the Guadaira River. It has manufactures of spirits, flour, and soap. Portions of its mediaeval waUs are still standing. Population, in 1900, 14,318. UTSUNOMIYA, oot'su-nrt-me'ya. The capi- tal of the Prefecture of Tochigi, .Japan, 66 miles north of Tokio (Map: Japan, F 5). Population, in 1899, 32,069. UVULA. See Palate. U'WINS, Thomas (1782-1857). An English painter in oil and water colors, born in London. He began his career as an engraver, and in 179S he entered the scliools of the Royal Academy. At first a water-colorist, after a visit to France in 1817, to paint vintage scenes, he devoted him- self also to oils. He was also an illustrator, and in 1820 he went to Scotland to make drawings for Scott's works. In 1824-31 he made studies in Italy for genre folk scenes, upon which his reputation chiefly rests. Uwins was made academician in 1838, librarian of the Academy in 1844, and in 1847 keeper of the National Gal- lery. Among his paintings in the National Gal- lery are "Lc Chapeau de Brigand." a Vintage in Southern France." and "Sir Guyon Fighting for Temperance," all in oils. In the South Ken- sington Museum are, besides a number of oils, the well-known water-colors "Little House- wife" (1810), "Hay Harvest," and the "Corona- tion of George IV." For the Queen's Pavilion
