VALKYRIES. 803 VALLANDIGHAM. clouds, however, they are regarded as swan- maidens, one of the most widespread l)eliefs in folklore. Whosoever gains possession of tlieir feather robes has them in his power. Their evo- iution into the maidens of Odin seems to be of later origin. Still later, in the Icelandic versions of the Nibelung Saga, Brunhilda (q.v.), the daughter of Odin, is represented as a 'alkyr. The myth of the valkyries has been treated in Die Wallciire, the second of the four divisions of Wagner's music drama, Dcr King des Xibchmgen. VALLA, val'la Lorenzo Laurextius (O.1407-1457 ) . An Italian liumanist of the early Renaissance. He taught at Pavia, Milan, and Naples, and wrote theological and critical works whose departure from established points of view stirred up heated polemics, and about 1448 was saved from the Inquisition only by his patron. King Alfonso V., who assisted him to flee to Rome. There he was befriended by the Popes Nicholas V. and Calixtus VI., by whom he was appointed to various posts in the Vati- can, to a canonicate in Saint John Lateran, and in 1450 to a professorship of rhetoric in the University of Rome. Of especial importance was his De Elegantia Latince Lingua; (6 books 1471). He WTote his first comparison of the Vulgate New Testament with the Greek originals and his Annotationcs were reedited by Erasmus. He made Latin translations of Herodotus and Thucydides which were printed in Paris (1510) and L.yons (1543). His collected Operas were published in Basel, 1543. For his biography consult: Vahlen (Berlin, 1870); Maneini (Flor- ence, 1892) ; Wolf (Leipzig, 1893); and Schwan (Berlin. 1896). VALLADOLID, val'ya-D6-leD'. The capital of the Province of Valladolid, Spain, 102 miles northwest of JIadrid, on the left bank of the Pi- suerga River (Map: Spain, C 2). The plain bordering this river is well irrigated and very fertile. The climate is genial, because of the moderate elevation, pure air, and generally cloudless sky. The city was long the capital of Castile and Leon, and later of all Spain, and contains many marks of its former greatness. The Campo Grande is larger than the Plaza Ma- yor at JIadrid. Upon the Plaza del Canipanillo, now a modern market, fronts the house once oc- cupied by Cervantes. Near the Church of the Magdalen, on a street named after the great dis- coverer, stands the house in which Columbus died. From the side of the Plaza de Portugalete rises the cathedral, a Renaissance structure begun by .Juan de Herrera, during the reign of Pliilip II., and yet incomplete. Santa Maria la Antigua, the most interesting church of the city, a Gothic creation of the eleventh century, enlarged in the fourteenth, contains a retable, which is the mas- terpiece of Juan de Junl. The thirteenth-century Church of San Pablo. remcKleled by Cardinal Torqueniada in the fifteenth century and modern- ized b3' the Duke of Lerma two hundred years latei', was often the meeting place of the ancient Cortes. This and the Colegio de San Gregorio. now occupied by municipal offices, are two of the finest e.xamples of Gothic architecture in the world. The Colegio de Santa Cruz now contains the provincial library and museimi, which pre- serves some fine paintings. The university (see V.LLADOLiD, University of) has an elaborately sculptured facade. The ancient royal palace now .serves the sessions of the provincial aiidien- cia. The city has manufactures of chocolate, Hour, woolen and silk goods, iron ami metal ware, gloves, and pottery. The population of Valladolid in 1900 was" 70.951. The Roman origin of the city is in dispute. Two important Church councils were held here during the twelfth century. Under Charles '. (lie popula- tion approached 100.000. The permanent re- moval of the capital to Madrid, in 1501, was a severe blow to the prosperity of Valladolid. from which it has only recently begim to recover. In 1808 it took a prominent ])art in the uprising against the French, and, as a result, suffered severely at the hands of the invaders. VALLADOLID. The capital of Michoaean, Mexico. Sec -MoHELIA. VALLADOLID. A town of Yucatan. Mexico, situated lOU miles southeast of Jlcrida (Map: Mexico, P 7). The town is well laid out, and possesses a .Jesuit college and the remains of a fine Franciscan convent. It manufactures cotton goods. Population, 14.000. mostly Indians and mestizos. Valladolid was founded in 1544. VALLADOLID. A town of Negros. Philip- pines, in the Province of Western Negros. situ- ated on the coast, Ifl miles south-southwest from Bacolod (Map: Philippine Islands, G 9). It is an important military post. Pojuilation, 14,000. VALLADOLID, University of. A Spanish university, one of the oldest in E opc. having been in existence since the early part of the thirteenth century. It received many gifts and jnivileges from kings and popes alike, and flour- ished greatly until the eighteenth century. It has faculties of law and medicine, and a .section of philosoph}' and letters. There are about 900 students. VALLANDIGHAM, vallan'digom. Clement Lairu (1820-71). An American politician, born at New Lisbon, Ohio. After a year in .JelTerson College, Pennsylvania, in 1837-38, he taught for two years in Maryland; was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1842 ; was elected to the Ohio Legislature in 1845: edited the Dayton ^ycst^rn Empire in 1847-49; and from 'l8o7 until 1803 was a member of the National House of Repre- sentatives. In politics he was an extreme States-rights Democrat. He violently attacked the Lincoln Administration both in and out of Congress, and his conduct led to a resolution for an inquiry into his loyalty, while numerous petitions for his expulsion were presented. After his term in Congress expired, he continued to make incendiary speeches against the Government. As a result he was arrested in May, 18(33, by order of General .ml>rose E. Burnside (q.v.) : was tried by court martial; and was sentenced to be imprisoned in Fort Warren. President Lincoln, however, changed the sentence to deportation into the Confederate lines. Thence Vallandigham made his way to the Bermudas, anil thence to Canada. In the same year he was nominated by his party for the Governorship of Oliin, but w.is defeated by the overwhelming ma- jority of 100,000 votes. He was allowed to re- turn in the following .Tune: became supreme connnander of the 'Sons of Lilierty' (see KxionTS OF THE Golden Cikcle) ; and took an active
