VIBORG. 113 VICE-CHANCELLOR. ■nhich anchor at Transuiul, about 8 miles dis- tant. Yiborg has extensive sawmills and carries on a large trade in lumber, dairy products, paper, and products of iron. Population, in 1900, 31,- 3SS. VIBRATION. See Acoustics ; Music ; Hab- JIOXH'S. VIBRATO, vebra'tfi (It., vibrated). A term denoting an effect somewhat similar to tremolo (<|.v. ). On stringed instruments it is produced by the quick oscillation of the finger on the string which it is stopping. The result is a pul- sating, wavering tone. In vocal music it is a partial suppression and reinforcement of a note, producing an apparent reiteration. VIBURNUM (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. viiurnum, the wayfaring tree). A genus of shrubs and a few trees of the natural order Caprifoliaceae. The numerous species are characterized by their op- posite, dentate or lobed leaves, showy cymes of white flowers and red or blackish fruits, ilany are popular as ornamentals in gardens, perhaps the best known being the snowball {Vih urn tint. Opiilits), which is a horticultural derivative of the 'high-bush cranberry.' Other well-known spe- cies are Viburnum Tinus, the laurustinus or laurestinus, which blooms' from May to August: ^'iburnum cassiiioides, the white-rod or Appa- lachian tea. well known from Newfoundland to Xorth Carolina and westward to ilanitoba ; Yi- hunnim Lcntni)o. the nanny-berry or sheep-berry, also well known in the above territory and as far south as Mississippi and Georgia, and wliose black berries are often eaten; Vibuniuin /jchhi- folium, the stag-bush or blackhaw, frequent from Connecticut and Jlichigan to the Gulf States; Yibiirnum alnifolia, the American wayfaring tree, a companion of the white-rod, except in its more northerly quarters; Viburnum dcntntuin, arrow- wood, and Viburnum acerifolium, dockmackie, of similar range to the previous species. There are several evergreen species, of which Viburnum Jnpouicum is the most hardy. The hardy species are easily propagated by seeds, cuttings, or lay- ers, and easily cultivated in almost any soil. VICAR (OF., Fr. vicaire, from Lat. vicarius, substitute, from irice, in place of: connected with Gk. cftcii', eikein, AS. lelcan, OHG. iinhhJin, Ger. weichen, to yield). A person deputed or authorized to perform the functions of another. The common usage of the term is ecclesiastical. A vicar in the Church of England is an incum- bent of an appropriated benefice, who receives only a part of the emoluments; generally speak- ing, a share of the glebe and the small tithes. (See Tithes.) He is supposed to act as the deputy of the rector, who receives the great tithes. A corresponding oiEce and title of vicar has developed in a few of the larger city parishes of the Episcopal Church of the United States which support two or more places of public worship. To such vicar is deputed the care of souls by the rec- tor for a. particular congregation, but his sup- port is fixed by the vestry of the parish, as in the case of curates or other assistant ministers. VICAR APOSTOLIC. The title of certain prelates in the Roman Catholic Church. The vicars apostolic of the Middle Ages corresponded to the legati nati of later times (see Legate) ; those of the present time are delegated by the Pope to exercise pastoral care in certain churches or districts, not in their own name, but in that of the Pope. Vicars apostolic are appointed ( 1 ) for missionary countries where as yet dioceses are merely in the course of formation — as in some parts of the United States; (2) for the Roman Catholic portion of the population in some countries that have been lost to the Roman obedience; (3) in urgent cases, where the ad- ministration of a diocese fully organized becomes temporarily disordered — that is, by the absence, captivit}', sickness, and the like of its bishop. Consult Smith, Elements of Ecclesiastical Law (New York, 1895). VICAR-GENERAL. The title of an eccle- siastical functionary in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Church of England. In the former a vicar-general is one who is appointed to exercise, in a general way, episcopal jurisdic- tion in the bishop's stead, and in such manner that his acts are considered the acts of the bishop himself. He must be an ecclesiastic, though he need not be in major or even minor orders. A vicar-general, even though he be a bishop, cannot perform actions of the ordo epis- copalis, e.g. blessing holy oils, giving confirma- tion, consecrating churches, or conferring orders without special mandates. In the United States a vicar-general can (unless the bishop disposes otherwise) give priests faculties, together with the cure of souls, and revoke them for just rea- sons. He cannot, however, erect, unite, or divide benefices or parishes, nor can he give another bishop permission to exercise pontifical func- tions in the diocese. In the Church of England a vicar-general is a la_y legal officer of some dioceses, wliose duties are practically the same as those of a chancellor (q.v.). VICAR OF BRAY, The. A popular ballad, written in the first half of the eighteenth cen- tury by an officer in the English army. The subject is an historical character, a clergyman, variously called Simon Alleyn, Pendleton, or Symonds, notorious for his changes of faith under different sovereigns, from Henry VIII. to Eliza- beth, during which period he retained his office. His name is proverbial as a type of political hedging. VICAR OF WAKEFIELD, The. A novel by Oliver Goldsmith (17ti6). It narrates the mis- fortunes of a worthy but simple-minded country clergjnnan. Dr. Primrose, whose poverty and unworldliness lay him open to petty swindles and misfortunes, which are ultimately righted. It gained immediate popularity as a perfect ex- pression of homely English sentiment, and in its feeling for nature shows the apprdach of the Romantic movement. See Admiral ; also VICE-ADMIRAL. Flag Officer. VICE-CHANCELLOR. In England, a judge of the Court of Equity who is appointed by the Crown luider letters patent as an associate to the Lord Chancellor. The office was created in the reign of Henry II. and later fell into disuse, but was revived by the statute 53 George III., c. 24. appointing one vice-chancellor, and the act of 5 Victoria, c. 5, s. 19, by which two vice-chan-
