VICO. in VICTOR EMMANUEL I. all societies; in fine, of tracing the outlines of the history of peoples — the i<l('a of which he himself believed to have existed from eternity in the mind of God. In 1818 the Marquis dc Villa Rosa ])ublished Vico's complete works. A second edi- tion appeared in 18.3.5. Consult: Ferrari, Vico et I'ltaUv (Paris, 1839); Cantimi, lit'o (Turin, 18fi7) ; Flint, Yico (Kdinhurgh and London, 1885). VICOL,, ve-kol', or BICOL. A numerous Malay people related to the Tagal (q.v.), living in Camarines Peninsula, Southeastern Luzon, and in Catanduanes and Masbate islands. They have advanced somewhat in culture and possess a kind of writing. See Pihlu'I'ine Islands. VICOMTE DE BRAGELONNE, vekoNt' de bra'zh<-l6n', Le. A romance by the eUler Dumas (1848), a seqviel to Vingt uiis apris. A cliarming criticism of it is Stevenson's essay, "A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas's," in Memories and Portraits (London, 1887). VICTOR. A city in Teller County, Colo., 50 miles southwest of Colorado Springs; on the Florence and Cripple Creek, the Midland Termi- nal, and the Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek District railroads (Jlap: Colorado, E 2). It is strikingly situated in tlie vicinity of picturesque mountain scenery. Victor is of considerable im- portance as the centre of a region noted for its extensive mineral deposits, and has lumber mills, reduction works, ore-sampling mills, novelty ■works, bottling works, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a uni- cameral council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Victor was settled in 1804 and was incorporated the same year. Popuhition, in I'JOO, 4980. VICTOR. The name of three popes. — Victor L, Saint, Pope 1S9-198, an African by birth. His best known activity was in connection with the time for the celebration of Easter (q.v.) ; he was only prevented from excommiuiicating the Quartodecimans of Asia Minor by the represen- tations of Saint Irenasus. Saint .Jerome desig- nates him the first Latin ecclesiastical author. — Victor II., Pope 1055-57, Gebhard by name, son of the Count of Tollenstein and Hirschberg, and a relation of Leo IX., whom he succeeded. He was nominated for the Bishopric of Eichstiitt by the Emperor Henry III., who opposed his eleva- tion to the Papacy through unwillingness to lose so faithful a counselor. His reign was dis- tinguished by its purity and zeal against the prevalent vices, and by its constant alliance with the Imperial house. Henry III. died in his arms, and he secured the succession of the youthful Henry IV. under the regency of his mother, Agnes. — Victor III., Pope 1086-87, Desiderius by name, of the family of the princes of Benevento. He became a Benedictine monk at an early age, in spite of the strenuous objections of his family, and ultimately became Abbot of Monte Cassino (1058). In the following year he was named cardinal and vicar of the Holy See in Southern Italy, and conducted the negotiations between the Pope and the Xormans. He was chosen to succeed Gregory VII.. but his excessive modesty induced him to refuse the honor, and he was crowned almost by force. Soon afterwards the pressure of the Imperial party forced him to leave Rome, and he laid aside the Papal insignia and retired to Monte Cassino. In the following year, however, he was enthroned in Saint Peter's, which had previously been occupied by the Anti- ])ope Guibert, though the latter still contested the possession of the city with him. Though he had been an intimate friend of Gregory VIL, and maintiiined the refusal to concede the Emperor's claims in the investiture question, his attitude toward Ilenry IV. was somewhat more con- ciliatory than his predecessor's. The name of Victor IV. was assiuned by two anti|)opes: Cardi- nal Gregorio Conti, who opposed Imiocent II. in 1138, and Cardinal Octavian, whom the Imperial partly elevated against Alexander III., in 1159-64. VICTOR, vuk'tor', Clavde Perrin, Duke of Belluno (1704-1841). A French marshaL He was born December 7, 1764, at La Marche, in the Vosges. He enlisted in the army in 1781. gained the attention of Napoleon by his conduct at the siege of Toulon (1793), and was ju-omoted at the close of that year to the rank of brigadier-general. He became general of division in 1797. In the Italian campaigns of 1796-97 and 1799-1800 Vic- tor commanded the vanguard. He did brilliant service at Marengo. In 1806 he fought against Prussia, was ca])tured in 1807, was exchanged for Bliicher. an<l at Friedland won the baton of a marshal of France, and tlie title of Duke of Belknio. He was Governor of Berlin after Tilsit. In 1808 he commanded a corps in Spain, and gained several victories, but was defeated by Wel- lington at Talavera (.July 27th-28th). lii 1812 he commanded the Ninth Corps m the Russian campaign, and shared in the defense of the passage of the Beresina. In 1813 he fought at Dresden and Leipzig. In 1814 he was severely wounded at the battle of Craonne. He then went over to the Bourbons, from whom he received a peerage, was president of the mili- tary commission appointed to try those officers who deserted to Napoleon after the Emperor's re- turn from Elba, and was very severe in liis treat- ment of his former companions in arms. He was Minister of War in 1821-23, and second in com- mand in the Spanish Peninsula in 1823, but was recalled on suspicion of complicity in fraudulent contracts. He was commissioned Ambassador to Austria, but the Austrian Government declined to receive him. Thereafter he took no part in public afl'airs. He died in Paris, March 1, 1841. There is a brief life. Boullee, Biographie co-n- tc»ii>oraiiie, vol. ii. (Paris, 1862). VICTOR AM'ADE'TJS. The name of three sovereigns of the House of Savoy. See Savoy, House of. VICTOR EMMAN'UEL I. (1759-1824). King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821. He was born at Turin. .July 24, 1759, the second .son of Victor Amadeus III., and bore the title of Duke of Aosta. He commanded the Sardinian forces against the French in 1792-90. and after the con- clusion of peace lived in Southern Italy and Sardinia. Upon the abdication of his brother, Charles Emmanuel IV., in 1802, he became King, all the dominions of his house at this time, ex- cept the island of Sardinia, being in the posses- sion of the French. With the aid of an English subsidy he organized a fleet and army. The first Peace of Paris (1814) restored to him Piedmont, Savoy, and Nice, the second (1815) added the former dominions of Cienoa. It was only then.
