VITTORINO DA FELTRE. 193 VIVIANITE. permitted to enter tlio school, and in another de- jjaitment, poor youths v('re received upon an e(iual footing with those more favored by for- tune. Tliroughout the einirse there was a close contact between stiident and teacher. V'ittorino's nietliods, which have l)cen compared with those of I'cstalozzi, were so successful that his school was looked upon as a model throughout all Italy. A Vita de Viltorino was written by liosmini (lias- sano, 1801). Consult also: Woodward, Vit- lorino da Feltrc and Other Humanist Educators (Cambridge, ISflT); Symond, Age of the Des- pots (London, ISTo) ; and The Revival of Learn- iiiij (London, 1877) . VITTORIO, ve-tC/re-o. A town of the Prov- ince of Trcviso, Italy, at the entrance of the vale of Santa Croce. 25 miles by rail north of Treviso (Map: Italy, G 2). It was fornie<l in 1879 by (he union of the towns of Ceneda and Serravalle. There is a masterly altar-piece by Titian in the Cathedral of Serravalle. Vittorio has saline and sulphur springs and is a pleasant summer re- sort. The breeding of silkworms is extensively carried on, and woolens, pajier, cement, and lime are manufactured. Population (commune), in 1901, 18,969. VI'TUS, Saint. A martyr of the time of the Itoman Emperor Diocletian. He is supposed to have been put to death in Lucania or in Rome, and his festival day is June 15th. Relics pur- porting to be of him are jireserved at Corbey and at Prague. His name is commonly applied to the peculiar nervous disorder scientifically known as chorea. The manner in which the dis- ease came to be known as Saint Vitus's dance is in dispute. A probable e.i)Ianation is that in the Middle Ages sufi'erers from the dancing mania were accustomed to repair to the chapels of Saint Vitus in Swabia and elsewhere for re- lief, and that in this way a connection grew up between the saint's name and the disease. An- other explanation is that in certain places in Ciermany in the seventeenth century it was be- lieved good health could be obtained for a year by dancing before the saint's image on his fes- tival day, and that in this way the original Saint Vitus's dance was confounded with the disease. The aid of the saint is also invoked against sudden death, hydrophobia, and so on. See ClIOEE.i. VIVALDI, ve-vlil'de. Antonio (c.l675-c.l743) . An Italian violinist, born at Venice. He studied music with his father, a violinist at San Marco, but entered the priesthood at an early age. He was in Darmstadt for a time, and in 171.3 re- turned to Venice, where he was appointed director of the Conservatorio della Pieta, He published 12 trios for two violins and 'cello; 18 violin sonatas with l)ass: 2.3 concfrti per violino prin- cipale; 2 violini di ri|)ieno. viola e basso per I'organo; 12 concerti per violino principalc; 2 violini concertanti, viola, violoncello e basso (I'organo. He produced about 28 operas, mostly in Venice. Some of his concertos for the violin and his sonatas are still considered valuable. VIVAKINI, ve'va-re'ne. Antonio, or . to- Nio D. iU'i!.Nn (C.1410-C.1470). An early Italian painter, born at Murano. He was, with Johannes Alemannus. one of the founders of the so-called school of Murano and the eldest of the several Vivarini. He worked with Johannes from 1440 to 1440 and after 1450 with his younger brother Ijartolonniieo. Of his rare ))icturcs there are several in Venice, such as "Crowning of the Virgin" (1444. San Pantaleone), "Paradise" ( Awademia ) , and three altar-i)ieces (144;5-44, San Zaccaria).. Others are in Berlin, Bologna, Brescia. I>iindon, Padua (San Filiiipo), and Knme (tlic Laleran). VIVER'KID.ffi (Neo-Lat. nom. i)l., from Lat. vivrrra, ferret). A family of small car- nivorous mammals comprisinj; the civets, ichneu- mons, and the like. The group is represented by fossil forms that range back to Eocene times. The early members are interesting in that they show points of resemblance to animals of other families, such as cats, weasels, bears, and hyenas, and thus present a very generalized type of early carnivore. The principal genera are Am- pliietis, Ictilherium, anil Paheoprionodon. all from the Tertiary deposits of Kurojie. An allied and ancestral family, Vivcrravida', includes still more generalized types comprised in the genus Viverravus from the Eocene of North America. Consult- Beddard, Mammalia (London, 1902) ; Wortnian ;ind Matthew, "The Ancestry of Cer- tain Members of the Canids, Viverridae, and Procyonida>," Bulletin of the Ameriean Museum of Natural History, vols. xii. and xiv. (New York, 1899, 1901), See Civet. VIVES, ve'vas, JuAN Luis (1492-1.540), A Spani.sh jihilosopher, born in Valencia. He studied at Valencia, Paris, and Louvain, and taught at the latter university. He was a friend of Erasmus. He was invited to England by Henry VI II., who made him tutor of the Prin- cess Mary, in 1523; wrote for her De Katione Htudii PucriUs Epistola: Du<e; was imprisoned for opposing the divorce of Queen Catharine of Aragon, 1528, and when released the follow- ing year went to Bruges, where he lived till his death. May 6, 1540. His principal works are De Disciplinis (comprising seven books De Causis Corruptorum ArtUnn) and De Anima et Vita (1539); in addition to these and several other metaphysical works, he wrote commentaries on Augustine's City of Clod. He was one of the most important logicians of his time. His works were collected and published by Coccius in two folio vohunes, Basel. 155.5, and by Majori in eight folio volumes, Valencia, 1782-90. Consult Namf^che, Meinoirc sur la vie et les Merits de J. L. Vires (Brussels, 1841). VIVIAN, VIVIANE, or VIVIEN. An enchantress in Artlnirian romance, the n^nnph who brought up Lancelot in her fairy palace in the lake, w-hence she was called the 'Lady of the Lake,' also the mistress of Merlin, whom she imprisoned by a charm in the Forest of Broce- liande. In the old romances she is described as lovely and pure, but Tennyson in his Idylls por- trays her as a wily and evil woman. VIVIAN GREY. An early novel by Benja- min Disraeli (1826-27). Althovigh the plot and characterization are faulty, it achieved a marked success. It presented a new type of hero, the man of the world, and showed that the sinister reliel nf P.yi'onism had had his day. VIVIANITE (named in honor of J. H. Vivian, an English mineralogist). •■A mineral hvdrated ferrous phosphate crystallized in the
