VOLLMAK. 20T VOLSCI. lature of Saxony (1S83S!)) ; and particularly in tile Legislature of Bavaria, of which lie became a member in 18II3. He became one of the leaders of the Conservative wing of the Social Democrats. He showed himself ready to make concessions to the principle of private owner- ship in the case of the small landowners, or peasants. His pulilications include: Oer isoHerte socialistische Utaat (18S0) ;^Ueber die niichntrn Auff/nbcn dcr Hociald<'mol;ratie (1891); and r<hi^r Stdatssoridlisittiis (1892). VOLLMOLLEK, fcM'mfd'er, Karl (1848—). A German jiliilologist, born in Ilsfeld, Wiirttem- berg, and educated in Tiibingen, Bonn, Munich, Berlin, and Paris. He traveled in Spain in 1874- 75 and became a lecturer in Rtrassburg in 1875. He was professor at Erlangen (1877-81), and then at Gottingen until 1891, when he retired, settled in Dresden, and devoted himself to Romance pliilologj'. He was editor of the valuable yearly summary, Kritischer Jahres- hcricht uber die Fortschritte dcr romanischen Philoloriie (1890 et seq. ), and published Kiirev- lierg und die Xibelunyen (1874). Poenm del Cid (1879), SjMnische Funde (1890), Beiimge zur Litlerntur der Cancioneros vnd Homanceros (1897), Rezensionsexemplar und hezalilte Rezen- sion (1902). VOLLON, vo'loN', Antoine (1833-1900). A French still-life, landscape, and figure painter, born in L.yons. He studied at the Lyons School of Fine Arts, and under Eibot, Vollon is consid- ered one of the greatest of modern still-lite paint- ers. In the rendering of metals, the flesh of dead game, the fresh color and bloom of vegetables and flowers, and particularly in the painting of fish, he has few equals. He also painted figures, which he sometimes condjined with still life and landscapes. His coloring is rich and har- monious. His -works include "Art and Glut- tonv" (1804), "Sea Fish" (1870, in the Lux emboura). "The Kettle" (1872, Lyons Museum), and "Fishers" (1889). VOLNEY, vdl'na'. Constants Fra>-^ois CiiASSEBCEUF, Count de (1757-1820). A French ]ihilosophic writer and politician. He was born in Craon. He studied medicine and Eastern lan- guages, spent some years in Egypt and Syria, wrote Voyage en Egypte et en fii/rie (2 vols., 1787; trans. 1787). was elected to the States- General (1789), joined the Republican movement and contributed to its anti-Christian -philosophy' the famous Les ruines, ou medifations svr les rci-oJiifiona des empires (1791; trans., Mew York, 1790; London, 1827), and to its pedagogy La loi nalurelle, ou le catechisme dit citoyen franfais (1793), in spite of which he fell under suspicion of royalist leanings, and was saved from execution only by the fall of Robespierre. Soon afterward (1794)* he was made professor in the Paris Ecole Normale, traveled in the United States (1795- 1808) , was made Senator ( 1799) . Academician and Commander of the Legion of Honor. He was created Count bv Xapoleon (1808), and a peer by Louis XVIII. '(1814). His later works are: Tableau dn climat et du sol des Etats-rnis (2 vols., 1803; trans., 1804); Recherches nouvelles sur I'histoirc aneienne (3 vols., 1814-15; trans., 1819). Consult a study by Berger (Paris, 1832), and Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, vol. vii. (Paris, 1857-62). VOLO, V.V16, or VOLOS. The capital of the Xomarchy of Magnesia, Greece, 37 miles south- c:i.st of Larissa, on the (Julf of V'olo (Map: Greece, D 2) . It is situateil near the sites of the three ancient cities of Dcraetrias, Pagaste, and lolcus, and has interesting remains of the early Greek and Roman periods. The citadel, the Church of llagios Xikolaos, and the monument modeled after the Parthenos of Phidias are noteworthv. Volo has a good harbor. Popula- tion, in 189G, 10,232. VOLOGDA, v6'16g-d4. A government of Norlhcastcrn Russia, extending from latitude 54° 40' to 04° 50' N., and from longitiide 38° 32' to 59° 50' E. Area, 108,900 sipiare miles (Map: Russia, G 2), It is a Hat region, marshy and wotxled in the north, and with some off- shoots of the L^ral Mountains in the east, reach- ing an altitude of nearly 5000 feet. This moun- tainous region is barren and almost uninhabited. The western part contains the bulk of the popu- lation. Vologda is amply watered by the Dvina. with its headstreams and tributai-ies, the>Mezen and the Pechora. The climate is continental and exceedingly severe. The agricultural area is very restricted, and the larger part of the inhabitants find a source of livelihood in fish- ing, hunting, and lunVoering. In the south- ern part the crops are abundant, and some products, especially flax, are even exported. The forests cover over three-fourths of the entire surface, and belong largely to the Crown. Stock- raising is favored by the abundance of pasture land, and dairying is assuming an industrial character in the southwest. Population, in 1897. 1.305,587, ehiefl.y Russians, but containing also many Zyrians, a people of Finnish stock, who have retained many of their national traits. VOLOGDA. The capital of the Russian Goveriiuuiit of Volog<la, at the head of the' Sukhona River. 289 miles north-northeast of Moscow ( Map : Russia, F 3 ) . It trades exten- sivel.v with Archangel and Saint Petersburg in agricultural and forest products, spirits, and leather. Population, in 1897, 27,822, The town was founded in the twelfth century, and attained considerable commercial imjiortance in the six- teenth century, when Archangel carried on an extensive trade wdth England and Holland. The foundation of Saint Petersburg removed the centre of the foreign trade of Russia to the west, and Vologda lost its former importance. VOLPO'NE, or The Fox. A comedy by Ben Jonson, produced in 1005, printed in 1607. Vol- pone, a rich Venetian, pretends to be dying to gain gifts from expectant heirs, but his repul- sive hjpcxirisy is unmasked and punished. VOLSCI, vol'sl. An ancient Italian jjeople of Umbro-Sabellian stock. (See UifBBiA.) Their territory was bounded on the west by that of the Latini. on the north by the .Equi and Hernici. on the east by the Samnites. and on the south they had the sea. The country is mountainous, rising abruptly out of the Campagna, and bordered, on the side toward Rome, by the Pontine ^Marshes. The Volsci were a brave and warlike people, who, frequently in alliance with the -Equi. were in- cessantl.v at war with the Romftns for a long period previous to B.C. 383, about which time they appear to have been finally subdued. Their
