WALDENSES. 255 WALDSEEMULLER. country, vhere iu the upper valleys they were relatively secure, this decree was never fully en- forced. In 1740 they secured some indulgence, liut there was little change in their position, iil- though there was also little persecution, up to the time of the French Revolution. In 1799 lib- erty of conscience was proclaimed. After the fall of Xa|iok'oii iu 1814 there was a reaction under Victor Euunanuel I. Finally, in 1848, under t'liarles Albert, the Waldeuses acquired civil and religious liberty. In 1872 they organized a Gen- eral Conference of the Waldenses, which was to meet once in three years. At that time there were reported to be 15 churches in ricclmont, 11 in Londjardy, G in Tuscany, 9 in Romagna, and 8 in Sicily. These were served by 4i5 pastors and 7 missionaries. In 1901 thej' were reported to have 47 churches, 66 stations, 49 pastors, 8 evangelists, and (ilSO commiuiicants. Resides the churches in Italy, they had established congre- gations at JIarscilles, France; Rosario, Argen- tine Republic; Monett, Mo.; and iu North Caro- lina. Jluch has been written about their literature. There are extant versions of the Scriptures, the Sentences, as the extracts from the Fathers were called, various forms of services, and especially a considerable number of poems. The latter were written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but were formerly supposed to be much older. They have been studied with great diligence, and there has been much discussion as to the lan- guage spoken by the Waldenses. Naturally this language has been much contaminated liy their wanderings, but it is Provencal. The best edi- tions of their poems are by Apfelstedt, in the Zeitschrift fur romanische Pliilologie, vol. iv., and in the Archin fi'tr das Studium der neueren Sprachen, vol. Ixii. For their history, consult: L^ger, Histoire gcnirale des cglises ai-anf/cliques des i-allccs de Piemont, ou Vaiidoises (Leyden, 1669) ; Comba, History of the Waldenses (Eng. trans., London, 1888; later cd. in French, Paris, 1898-1900) ; Lea, Historii of the Iiuiuisiiion (Philadelphia, 1888); Dic'cUhoff. Die Widdenser im Mittelalter (Gottingen, 1851) ; Herzog, Die romanischcn Waldenser (Halle, 1853) ; Jlontet, Histoire littcraire des Vaudois dii Pifmont (Paris, 1885) ; Muston, Israel of the Alps: His- tory of the Waldenses of Piedmont (Eng. trans., London, 1863) ; Jlelia. Origin, Persecution, and Doctrines of the Waldenses (ib., 1870) ; Preger, Die Verfassung der fran^ijsischen Waldenser in der Ulteren Zeit (Munich. 1890) ; Bompiani, Short History of the Italian Waldenses (New- York, 1897). For their doctrinal belief, consult Schaff, Creeds of Christendom (New York, 1877- 78). WALDEESEE, vill'der-zii. Alfeeu. Count ( 1832-1904) . A German soldier, born at Potsdam. He entered the army in 1850, served in the war of 1866, and at the beginning of the Franco-Prus- sian War was an aide-de-camp to the King of Prussia. He was present at the battle of Grave- lotte. and became cliief of staff to the Grand Duke of ilecklenburg. For his services in the war he was made a colonel and received the Iron Cross. When peace came he was appointed charg6 d'affaires at Paris; in 1882 became quartermas- ter-general of the Prussian staff; and in 1888 succeeded Moltke as chief of staff. In 1898 he was appointed inspector-general, and in 1900 iield-marshal. In August of that year he was given eonmiand of the German forces in China, and was also made commander-in-chief of the al- lied forces. WALDEYER, val'dl-er, Wiliielm (1836—). A German anatomist, born at Ilehlcn, in Bruns- wick. He studied at Giittingen, Greif.swald, and Berlin, taught in the University of Breslau 1865-72, then became professor and director of anatomy in the University of Strassburg, and in 1883 went to the University of Berlin iis pro- fessor an<l director of the anatomical institute. His sjiecialties are histology', emliryologj-, and comparative anatomy. His published works in- clude: Eierstock und Ei, ein lieitrag zur Anat- omie imd Entimcklunfisr/eschichte der Sexual- orf/ane (1870) ; Medianschnitt einer Hoch- sehioangern bei Steisslayen deS' Fiitus (1886); Das Gorillu-Riickenmark (1880); Laye der wei- hilehen Heckcnoryane (1892). WALDIS, val'dis, Bukkaud (e.l490-c.l.557). A German fabulist, born at Allendprf. in Hesse. He became a monk, but afterw'ards turned Prot- estant, and suffered much persecution. After many vicissitudes he in 1544 became pastor of his native village. His fir.st important literary production, the drama Die Parallel rotn verlornen Sohn, was successfully performed at Riga in 1527. He is chiefly remembered for his Esopus yanz neu gemacht und in Reimen gefasst (1548, and many later editions; one by Von Tittmann, 1882). Among his other works was a paraphrase of the Psalter in verse, composed while he was imprisoned, and later published in 1553. WALDMULEER, valt'mul-ler, Ferdixaxd (1793-1865). An Austrian painter, born iu Vi- enna, where, after a short course of study at the academy under Maurer and Lampi, he devoted himself to the painting of miniature portraits, but afterwards found his true sphere in the de- lineation of jjcasant life in Nether Austria, which he depicted with great truth to nature, subtle humor, and a fine sense of color. Episodes from the life of children were among his most success- ful canvases. Among his principal works may be mentioned: "Child Learning to Walk" (1822); "Two Tyrolese Huntsmen Resting" (1829); "Beggar Boy on the Bridge" (18.30) ; "Soup Day at tile Convent" ( 1858, all in the Vienna Mnse- mn) ; "After School" (1S41. National Galler.v, Berlin) ; "Sunday Afternoon" (1846. Kiinigsberg Museum); "The" Adoption" (1849, Breslau Mu- seum); "Palm Sunday" (1855), and "Evening Prayer" fl864). WALDMULLER, Robert. The pseudonym of the (icnuan author Eduabd Duboc (q.v.). WAL'DO, Peter. See Waldenses. WALD'RON, George. The correct name of the Irish author commonly known as George Barrington (q.v.). WALDSEEMULLER, or WALTZEMTJI/- LER, v;ilt'z;"i-nu,il'ler. Martin (c.l470-c.l514) . A German geographer, born at Freiburg. For sev- eral years after 1505 he was professor of geog- raphy in the College of Saint-Di^ in Lorraine. In 1506 he and some compatriots matured a plan for a new edition of the work of Ptolemy, re- vised and amended so as to include the results of
