WALNUT. 270 WALPOLE. sugar maple. Pickles and ketchup are made of the unripe fruit. The ripe fruit is one of the best of nuts (q-v.) and an important article of export from Southern Europe and California, BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra). •where the trees are extensively cultivated. The nearly mature nuts are much used in France with vinegar, salt, pepper, and shallots. Walnuts yield by expression a bland, fixed oil. which, un- der the names of walnut oil and nut oil, is used by painters and in the countries in which it is produced as an article of food. The cake left after the expression of the oil is sometimes used as human food, and for feeding cattle and poultry. The timber of the walnut is valuable, and is much used for cabinets, gim stocks, etc. It is light, although hard and fine-grained. The wood of young trees is white and little esteemed; that of old trees is brown, veined and shaded ■with darker brown and black. The wood of the roots is beautifully veined. Both the root and the husks of the walnut yield a dye, which is used for staining light-colored woods brown. The walnut when meant to become a timber- tree is best sown where it is to remain, as the roots are much injuroil by transplanting. The best kinds of walnut for fruit are generally grafted. The black walnut (JiniJans nigrn), a very similar tree, found in most of the United States, except the most northern, is one of the finest and largest and most beautiful trees in American forests, attaining heiglits of 150 feet and diameters of 6 or 7 feet. The fruit, which has a tliick woody shell, is inferior to that of the common walnut. Juglans Californica, a Western species, greatly resembles tlic Eastern black walnut, and in California is much used as a stock on which ■fur/lans rerjin is grafted. Ju- glans riipestris is a small tree or slirul) from Colorado to Mexico. Jufjlans Stcboldiniui and Juglans mandshurica are the most important East Asiatic species. Juglans cinerea, the but- ternut (q.v. ), is a close relative. WALNUT FAMILY. See Juglandace.e. WALNUT INSECTS. The cliief insect enemy of the black walnut in the United States is the hickory and locust tree-borer ((^iillrnr pictus). The l)eetles which are reared from walnut, how- ever, are larger in size, and their yellowish mark- ings are more or less white. (See I.ocisx Trke In.sects.) The conunon .Tune licctle (q.v.) of the South is especially fond of the foliage of the wal- nut. The larvjB of the luna moth and of the regal moth arc also fouml commonly feed- ing upon walnut leaves, and several species of underwing moths (q.v.) are especially fond of this tree; also one of the hawkmoths {Cres- sunia juglandis), which has a large pale blue- green caterpillar. Several leaf-miners and leaf- rollers (qq.v.) also attack the foliage, and a weevil {Conotrachclus juglandis) allied to the plum curculio feeds in the nuts. A scale-in- seet {Aspidiotus juglans-regkc) occurs on the bark of the English walnut. Forty-five species of insects have been recorded as attacking this tree in the United States, while only fifteen are recorded from the so-called English walnut (Juglans regia) in Europe. Consult Packard, Insects Injurious to Forest Trees (Washington, 1890). WALPOLE, w.al'prd, Horace or Horatio, fourtli Earl of Orford (1717-07). An English litterateur. He was probably the fourth son of Sir Robert Walpole. although some of his con- temporaries believed the scandal according to which Carr, Lord Hervey, was his father, owing to the remarkable differences in temperament and taste between Horace and his brothers. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, afterwards traveling abroad for some years, principally in Italy. In 1741 he returned to England and took his .seat in Parliament. In 1747 he pur- chased a piece of ground near Twickenham, and built there his famous mansion and literary es- tablishment — Strawberry Hill. In 1758 he pub- lished his Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors. This was followed by The Castle of Otranto (1764), a weird tale of mystery which was one of the earliest signs of the Romantic movement ; The Mysterious Mother, a tragedy (1768); and the nistoric Douhts on the Life and Reign of Richard III. (17(18). Among a multitude of works, however, those to which he owes the preservation of his name are his Letters. These will always be interesting as pictures and records of the society and fashionable gossip of his day, although their historical value is considerably marred liy their evident want of truthfulness. Though Walpole thought of himself rather as a tine gentleman who condescended to write than as a professional author, the literary value of his Letters is very high, and sets him beyond question at the head of English letter-writers. On the death of bis nephew in 1701 he became fourth Earl of Orford, but seems never to have cared to exercise his privileges as a member of the House of Lords. The be.st edition of the Letters is by Jlrs. Paget Toynbee (16 vols.. Lon- don, 1004) : others are edited by Cunningham (London. 188(i). and by Yonge (London. 1801). Among his other writings in modern editions are Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II. (London, 184(i) : Memoirs of the Early Reign of George III. (ib.. 1845) : Journal of the Reign of George III. from 1111 to /7.S.J (ib., 1850). Austin Pobson, Horace Walpole (New York, 1800) is the latest and best biography. Consult also: Warburton. Memoirs of Horace Walpole (ib.. 1851): Seeley, Horace Walpole and His World (ib,. 1884)'; Macaulay's well- known essay on Walpole in the Edinburgh Re- view for October. 1 8.3.3. WALPOLE. Sir Roiiicrt, first Earl of Orford (1(17111745). .An English statesman, born at Houghton, Norfolk, and educated at Eton and
