VARICOSE VEIN. 17 VARNHAGEN VON ENSE. evening and the feet are cold. After a time a small tumor of a bluish tint appears, which dis- appears on pressure, but returns on (lie removal of the pressure, and is caused by a dilated vein. This dilatation extends, and forms knotty, irreg- ular tumors, soft to touch, diniinisliing on pres- sure or on the patient assuming a horizontal posture, and giving a bluish tint to the adjacent skin. These tumors commonly occur in the mid- dle of the leg, along the track of the saphenous veins, but they often extend along the whole of the leg and thigli. The deep as well as the super- ficial veins may be involveil and the varices may be as large in diameter as a lead-pencil. The treatment of varicose veins is ])alliative or radical. Garters must be absolutely forbidden. The use of an elastic bandage or clastic stocking upon the limb, the evenl_y distributed pressure of which supports the veins, is palliative. Such treatment, combined with proper dietetic and h3'gienie measures, is usually sullicient to meet the requirements of ordinary eases. It is not, however, curative. The radical or curative meth- od of treatment consists in thorough excision of the sections of the enlarged veins at intervals of about two inches. Injection of astringents into the veins has been practiced, but is not devoid of danger. VARIED THRUSH. A thrush commonly known as tlie Ori.;(jox Robin (q.v.). VARIEGATION (from variegate, from Lat. tHiricffiiliis, p.p. of variegare, to make of various sorts or colors, from varius, different, various + agcre, to drive, to do). The condition of mottled foliage of plants. The causes of variegated structures are practically unknown. Some varie- gated leaves show colorless spots due to the ab- sence of chlorophyll and other colored bodies. The investigations of the subject seem to show that various external factors influence the ap- pearance of this phenomenon, which hitherto has been commonly regarded as solely due to iieredi- tary causes. VARIETY (in biology). See Variation. VARI'NA. The name given by Swift to a Miss Waring, whose brother he had earlier known at Trinity College, Dublin, and who at one time expected him to marry her. VARI'OLA. See Smallpox; Vaccination. VARIX. See Varicose Vein. VAR'LEY, John (1778-1842). An English water-color painter, born at Hackney. He worked at first with a silversmith, and afterwards be- came assistant and pupil to Joseph Charles Bar- row. His first exhibited picture, "View of I'eter- borough Cathedral," appeared at the Royal Acad- emy in 1798. Ruskin said that Varley was the only painter, except Turner, who could paint a mountain. He was highly successful as a teacher of painting. Some of his paintings, now in the Museum at South Kensington, are: "Beddgelert Bridge" (1800) ; "River Scene" (1840) : "Bolton Abbey" (1842) ; and "Burial of Saul." He wrote several treatises on landscape painting. VARNA, viir'na. The chief seaport of Bul- garia, situated on the Bay of Varna. 325 miles by rail east-northeast of Sofia (Map: Turkey in Europe, G 3). It is an old, irregu- larly built town with an unprotected harbor, recently somewhat improved. The industrial es- tablishments include t:annerics and an extensive cotton spinnerv. Varna carries on an extensive trade in animals, dairy products, grain, skins, and cloth. In 11)00 the exports and imports amounted to f34!),8()0 and £43.'i,300 respectively. In the vicinity of Varna is the summer residence of the Prince. Rojuilation, in 1000, 33,443, chiefly Bul- garians, Greeks, and Turks. Varna is identified with the ancient Milesian colony of Odessus. It is memorable as the scene of the defeat of the Hungarians under King Ladislas and John Hun- yady by the Turks under .-Vmnrath II. in 1444. It withstood an attack by tlie Russians in 1773, but was taken by thepi in 1828. In 18.54, in the Crimean War, it was used as a base of operations by the allies. VARNHAGEN, varn'hii-gcn, Kranci.sco Adolfo de (1816-78). A Brazilian diplomat and scholar, born in Sao Joao do Vpanema. He studied in Portugal, devoting himself especially to the history of Brazil. In 1,S5I) hi' returned to South America, was appointed Minister to Para- guay, but soon resigned because of his disap- proval of Lopez's Government. In 1805 he be- came Minister to Chile and Peru, whence, in 1868, he was transferred to Vienna, where he died. He wrote: Florilegiu de pue'sia hrasileira (1850-53) ; Escamen de quelqucs points de I'his- toire gdographiqne du Brisil (1858); Amerigo Vespucci (1865); Xouvclles recherches sur les derniers voyages du navigateur florentin (1869) ; Ainda A. Vespucci (1874) ; and the Historia do Brasil (18,54-57). VARNHAGEN VON ENSE, f6n en'ze, Karl August (1785-18.58). A German author. He was born in Diisseldorf, and after studying medicine at Berlin and philosophy at Halle, Berlin, and Tii- bingen, and helping (1803) to edit Chamisso's Muscnalmanacli, he entered the Austrian Army (1809), and was wounded at Wagram. He joined the Russian Army in 1813, Entered the Prussian diplomatic service (1814), accompanied Chancellor Hai'denberg to the Congress of Vienna, and (1815) became Minister at Karlsruhe. After 1819 Varnhagen devoted himself chiefly to litera- ture, althougli he continued to take a keen inter- est in political affairs, and was from time to time active in diplomatic matters. His first w'ork was an account of experiences in the war of 1813, Gcschichte dcr Hamburger Ereignisse, followed by the Gcschichte dcr Kriegstiiige Tet- tcnhorns (1814). In the same year he married Rahel Levin (1771-1833), a Jewess of great in- tellect, who exerci-sed a remarkable influence upon his subsequent career. At Berlin the Varn- hagens became a rallying point for men distin- guished in .science, art, and letters, and theirs was the most important CJerman salon. Varn- hagen wrote stories (1815), poems (1816), a re- markable character sketch of Goethe ( Goethe in den Zeugnissen dcr Mitlebendeu, 1824), and, be- tween 1824 and 1830, five volumes of similar liiographische Denkmaie. In 1833 Rahel died, and in 1834 Varnhaaen published a memorial of her in three volumes, followefl (1836) by two volumes of a Galeric ron Bildnissen avs Rahels Umgang. and (1843-46) by seven volumes of Denhmirdigkeiten. Varnhagen's style, modeled on that of Goethe, is remarkable for elegance and jjrccision. His reminiscences are of permanent
