WAR. 286 WARBLER. judge-advocate-general : the record and pension office; and the Bureau of Insular Affairs. The last is charged with supervision of the adminis- tration of the recently acquired insular terri- tories. Since 1890 the Secretary of War has been aided by an Assistant Secretary. WAR AND PEACE. An historical novel by Tolstoy ( ISOo-liS). The plot is laid in the reign of Czar Alexander I. and reveals the social and political conditions of Paissia during the Na- poleonic invasion, as they are symbolized in the history of two families. WARASDIN, vilr'az-den (Hung. Ydnisd) . A town of Croatia-Slavonia, 150 miles southwest of Budapest, on the left bank of the Drave ( Map : Austria, E 3). The town has manufactures of tobacco, liquors, acetic acid, and anchors. Popu- lation, in 1900, 12.930. WARBECK, war'l)ek. Perkin (1474-99). A pretender to the English throne. He was born at Tournay. the son of Jolui Osbeck or Warbeck, a citizen of that town. In 1491 he went to Cork and agreed at the instigation of opponents of Henry VII. to set up a claim that he was Richard. Duke of York., second son of Edward IV. For a while he received some support, especially among foreign powers hostile to England and Henry VII. ■Tames IV. of Scotland even gave him his own rousin, Catherine Gordon, as wife in 1495. In 1497 he made an expedition into England, but was captured. He confessed his imposture and was allowed considerable liberty, but when he engaged in new conspiracies he was condenmed to death and executed at Tyburn on Xoveuiher 23, 1499. Consult Gairdner, [tirhard III. (London, 1898), to which the story of Perkin Warbeck is apjiended. See Henry VII. WARBLE-FLY. Any one of several species of flies of the family ffistridip, which lay their eggs upon different animals, and whose larvne eventually form a swelling or 'warl)le' under the skin. The name 'ox-warble' is specifically ap- plied to the swellings made by the bot-fly of the ox {Hypoderma lineata) ; and the bot-fly of the rabbit iCutrrrhra cunieiili) produces similar war- bles under the skin of rabbits. See BoT, Bot-Fly. WARBLER (from n-arble, from OF. ircrbler, from ^niG. *iitibelen, Ger. icirbrln. to warble, whirl, turn, frequentative of MHG., Ger. iccrboi, OHG. tcerban, to. turn, twist, AS. hweorfan, Goth, kiidirbdn, to turn, move; perhaps con- nected with Gk. KopiraXi^ij, karpaJimoa, swift). A small .song-bird; properl}' one of either of two passerine families, namely, the American Jlnio- tiltida; and the Old World Sylviidie. The former includes the warl)lers of North and Middle America, numbering about 200 species, accord- ing to Ridgway. few of which are as much as six inches long. With few exceptions they are woodland birds, whollv insectivorous, and pret- tily if not gorgeously colored. The males are much more i)villiantly colored than the females except in a few cases. They are highly migra- tory, and of tile 00 or more species found in the United States all but one or two winter soutli of Mason ami Dixon's line and nearly all spend the coldest months in the tropics. As numy of the species breed in the far north, they are the most striking feature of tile migrations in many parts of the I'nited States. They are extremely active birds, and only a few species resort to the ground for food. Although several species sing well, the majority have weak voices and make no pretense of singing. Among our numerous warblers a few are specially notable. Perliaps the most beautiful species is the prothonotary (Protonotaria. citrea), the male of which has the whole of the head, neek, and under parts rich orange and the back greenish yellow. It i> rarely seen north of Washington and winters in the tropics. The genus Helminthophila includes about 10 species known as the 'swamp warblers' (q.v.), some of which are beautifully colored. The genus Dendroica is the largest grou]i. con- taining not less than 35 species. The best known of these is the common yellow or 'summer' warb- ler {Dendroica wstiva) , familiar in gardens and orcliards throughout nearly all North America. It is five inches long, bright yellow dimly streaked with rufous; it has a sweet, trilling song, and makes a pretty nest of hempen materials, lodging it in some upright forking of the branches of a shrub or small tree. Another familiar and wide- ly distributed species is the redstart {Sctophnga rutiiiUa), black and red, or in the female black and orange-yellow, which is notable for its gayety of manner as well as of dress, and sings well. Very brilliant also is the orange, black, and white Blackburnian warbler {Dendroica Black- burniw) , seen in passing to and from its Cana- dian breeding-home. Townsend's warbler is a Pacific Coast representative of this genus. An- other noteworthy Western warbler is the hermit {Dendroica occidentalis) . which breeds in the high mountains of California, forming an ex- quisite nest out of 'graybeard moss' hanging from spruce boughs. Another genus contains the Mary- land yellowthruat (q.v.). and its handsome rel- ative, the Kentucky warbler {Gcothliipix for- mosa) , whose habits and method of nest-mak- ing keep them close to the ground. The striking manner in which yellow and black" are often contrasted in the plumage of these charming birds is well displayed in the genus Sylvania. two species of which are displayed on the accompany- ing Colored Plate of Wood-W.rblers. See also C]i.T: OvEX-BiBD: Reost.^rt. etc. The 'warblers' of the Old World are small birds of the subfamily Sylviinte, closely related to the thrushes and our kinglets and gnatcatch- ers ; many are known liy separate popular names, as blackcap. niglilingalc. hedge-sparrow, robin red- breast, redstart, whitelhroat, etc. (qq.v. ). About 100 species are catalogued — all belonging to the Old World, except one in Alaska. The liest known European species are the following: (Jrasshop- per warbler {Locustella lociistelln) . found in most parts of the centre and south of Europe. It is of a greenish-brown color, the centres of the feathers dark brown. ]uoducing a spotted ap- ])earanee; the lower ]);irts pnle brom. It is a shy bird, hiding itself in hedges and bushes, but very active, often darting out like a mouse from the bottom of the hedge, and receives its name from its chirping, grasshopper-like note. The sedge warbler {Acrocrpluiliis phrngmitis) is the most common British species, and is generally found where a(|uatie herbage is thick and strong. It is brown, with the chin and throat white, and the under parts bull'. The red warbler i Acrocrphiilii.t (iniiidiiincid) is found in summer ill marshy situations in many parts of Europe, and its ranw extends to the north of India. It is
