WASHBURN. 308 WASH-HOUSES. he studied law. In 1842 he hegan practice at jVIiiieial Point. Wis. He entered into partnersliip vith Cyrus Woodnmn in 1844, the tirm devoting much of its attention to real estate and banking. Woodman retired in 18.55 and subsequently Washburn made fortunate investments in timlier lands and became one of the pioneers in the Hour- milling industry. In 1854 he was elected to Con- gress by the anti-slavery element, and was twice reelected, serving until 1861. There he joined his brothers. Israel Washburn and Elihu B. ash- burne (q.v. ) . Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he raised the Second Regiment of Wisconsin Cavalry and was mustered into the Federal service in February, 1862. He served under General Curtis in Arkansas from March to July of that year and was then promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers. In November, 1862, he was pro- moted to be major-general and was given a di- vision in the Army of the Tennessee. During the following spring (186.3) he commanded a cavalry division of the Thirteenth Corps, but at Haines's Bluff, Miss., he had two divisions of the Sixteenth Corps. He was soon transferred back to the Thirteenth, however, and remained with it until 1864, when he was given command of the District of West Tennessee, which, with the ex- ception of some months when he commanded the District of Vick-sburg, he continued to administer until he resigned from the service on May 25, 1865. He was again a member of Congress from 1867 to 1871, and in 1872-74 was Governor of Wisconsin. He gave largely to education, built an observatory at the University of Wisconsin, and founded an orphan asylum at Minneapolis. WASHBURN, EnwARD Abiel (1819-81). A Protestant Episcopal clergyman. He was born in Boston, graduated at Harvard College (18.'i8). and studied theology at Andover and at the Yale Divinity School, graduating in 1842. He wa.s licensed as a Congregational minister, but de- cided to enter the Episcopal Church, and was ordained in 1844. He became rector at Newbury- port, Mass. (1844); at Hartford, and profes.sor of Church polity at the divinity school, Jliddle- town (1853) ; of Saint Mark's Church, Philadel- phia (1862) ; and of Calvary Church, New York (1865). He visited Europe (1871) as a delegate of the evangelical alliance. Washburn was a menilier of the committee on Bible revision and a translator of part of Lange's commentaries. His publications include: The Social Law of God, Sermons on the Ten Commandments (1875; 6th cd. with sketch of his life and work, 1884) ; Ser- mons (1828); and a volume of poems, Voices from a Busy Life (1883). WASHBURN, Emoky (1800-77). An Ameri- can jurist, lie was born in Leicester, Mass.; studied at Dartmouth, but finished his education at Williams in 1817; was admitted to the bar (1821) ; practiced at Leicester vmtil 1828, then nt Worcester for thirty years. He served in both branches of the State Legislature, was a justice of the Common Pleas Court (1844-47), and Gov- ernor of Massachusetts (1854-55). In 18.56 he was appointed Bussey professor of law fn the Harvard Law School and served until IH76. He died in 1877. He publislicd a nunilier of ])am|ihh"ts and lectures and the following legal treatises: American Law of Real Property (Boston, 1860) ; American Law of Easements and Serritiides (Boston, 1863) : of which the first still remains the best exposition of American real estate law, and the second was one of the earliest treatises upon the subject of easements. WASHBURN, George (1833—). An Ameri- can Congregationalist clergyman, born at Mid- dleboro, Mass.. and educated at Amherst College and Andover Theological Seminary. In 1858 as a missionary under the American Board of Conunis- sioners for Foreign Missions, he went to Turkey, where he labored until 1868. Then he became professor of philosophy and acting president from 1870 to 1877 of Robert College in Constan- tinople. In 1877 he became president, and be- cause of his deep interest in Bulgarian inde- ]>cndence received the order of Saint Alexander from the Prince of Bulgaria. WASH'BURNE, Eliiiu Benjamin (1816- 87). An American political leader and diplo- mat, born at Livermore, Maine. He attended the Kent's Hill Seminary in 1836; studied law in the Harvard Law School ; and was admitted to ]n-actice in 1840. He soon afterwards settled in Galena, 111. He was a delegate to the Whig na- tional convention of 1844, and from 1853 until 1869 was a member of Congress. From 1855 until 1865 he was chairman of the Conunittee on Com- merce, and he was also a member of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. By his insistence on economy in the national service he gained the name of the 'Watch Dog of the Treasury.' Among the many bills he introduced was one for the establishment of national cemeteries. During and after the Civil War he was instrumental in advancing the fortunes of General Grant. When CTrant became President, he made Washburne his Secretary of State, but Washburne soon resigned to become Minister to France. During the Franco-Prussian War lie represented the (Jer- man interests, and during the bloody days of the Commune was the only foreign representative who remained at his post. In 1877 he returned to the United States and settled at Chicago. He published Recollections of a Minister to France, iSSf>-7~ (2 vols., 1887), and edited History of the Enqlish Settlement in Edwards County, Illinois ( 18S2 ) , and The Edwards Papers ( 1884) . WASH-HOUSES, Prnuc. In Great Britain and on the Continent, where public bath-houses, owned and operated by the municipality, have long been in existence, it is quite common to operate public lavmdrics in connection with the bath-houses. (See B.th-Houses, Mu.nicjpal.) Within recent years, however, there has bci^n a tendency to separate these institutions and locate them in different buildings. In some of the Eng- lish wash-houses a very important addition has been made in the form of a public creche where women may leave their yoiuig children to be eared for while they are busy in tlic wash-house. The great use that is made of these European public wash-houses proves how ini])ortant a pub- lic itility tlu'v are. ]Iost of (hem are not self- suppinting. ;tnd it has been pointed init that to make them so would probably thwart the primary object for which thi'V are constructed — the bet- terment of the sanit;iry condition of the very poor. The first public wash-house in England was built in 1842 at Liverpool, in connection with a public bath-house. In the period 1890- 95 the average annual number of washers was
