WIELAND. 502 WIEBTZ. vols.). His death was that of a calm Epicurean. Of all the Weimar galaxy he is the most recrea- tive, the most delightful, the most genial, though others be more philosophical, more serious, more versatile or profound. Wielaud first called Ger- man attention generally to Shakespeare and to the Middle Ages; he first made stylistic elegance and refinement natural to German verse and prose. Wieland's complete Works are edited by Gruber (53 vols., Leipzig. 1818-28. and in 40 vols., Ber- lin, 1867-75). Of selections the editions are numerous. His Letters are collected in Aiisge- u-iihlte Brief e an verschiedene Freumle (Zurich, 1815-16) ; Ausicahl denkwiirdiger Brief e (Vienna, 1815) ; Brief e an Sophie von La Roche (Berlin, 1820) ; and Hassencamp, Neue Brief e Wielands., rornchrnlich an. Sophie von La Roche (Stuttgart, 1894) . The Ahderiten is translated by Christmas as The Republic of Fools (London. 18G1); the Oberon by Sotheby (3d ed., London. 1826). There are Lives of Wieland by Gruber (Leipzig, 1827- 28). Hallberg (Paris. 1869), Prilhle (Berlin, 1877), Ofterdingen (1877). Consult also: Loe- bell. Entirickeliiny der dcKtschcn I'oesie (Bruns- wick, 1858) : P.anke, Zur Beurtheilung Wielands (Marburg. 1885) : Hirzel. Wieland uiul Martin 'und Regnla Kiinzli (Leipzig, 1891). WIELEMANS, veTe-milns, Alexander von MoNTEFORTE (1843 — ). An Austrian architect, born in Vienna, and trained in the academy of that city inider Van der Niill and Schmidt. In 1875 he began the Palace of Justice, which was completed in 1881. His later buildings include the Hans zudi goldcn(n Becher, also in Vienna; the Wodiancr palace in Budapest ; the Redouten- sale at Innsbruck : the Piiithaus and court-houses at Ciratz; and the courthouse and a building for the Musik- und Kunstverein at Prague. WIELICZKA, vye-lich'ka. A town in the Crown- land of Galicia, Austria, seven miles southeast of Cracow, on a branch of the Austrian State railway (Map: Austria, G 2). The population is Polish, and in 1900 numbered 6293. The town is important only for its rock-salt mines, which are the most famous in the world, and in large part supply the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. These mines, reaching a depth of more than 900 feet, form a sJibterranean town, extending about two and one-half miles from east to west and about 4000 feet froiii north to south. The gal- leries traverse seven levels and aggregate 58 miles in length. Some of the halls are very large and contain statues and other decorations carved from the salt. There are several ponds. Eleven shafts lead down to the mines. About 1000 workmen are employed. There were pro- duced in 1894 28,416 metric tons of rock salt and 51.757 metric tons of prepared salt. It is not known how long the mines have been in operation, but there is evidence that they w'ere worked as early ;is 1044. Prom the possession of the Poles the mines fell to Austria in 1772; in 1809 they were shared by Austria and the Dukedom of War- saw, and in 1814 went again to Austri;i alone. There were inundations in 1808 and 1S79. The land on which the town of Wieliezka stands has settled somewhat. Consult Windakiewicz, Das SleinsahbergiKcrk in Wieliezka (Freiberg. 1896). WIENBARG, vfn'biirK. Lidolf (1802 72). A German author, born at Altona. He studied theology and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Kiel, and afterwards devoted himself to literature and became associated with the 'Young Germany' party. His writings on sesthet- ics and literary history were a great power in their time. Most important among his publica- tions are: Holland in drn Jahren 1S31 and 1832 (1833): Die neueste Litteratnr (1835); Ge- sehiehtliche Yortriige iiber altdeutsehe Sprache und Litteratur (1838); and Geschiclite Selilea- u-igs (1862). Consult the monograph by Scliweizer (Leipzig, 1S96). WIENEB-NEUSTADT, ve'ner-noi'stat. A town of Lower Austria, situated 28 miles south of Vienna (Map: Austria, E 3). The town is overlooked by the old castle of the dukes of Babenberg, now occupied by the military acad- emy, founded by JIaria Theresa, in 1762. The castle contains a fine Gothic chapel of the fif- teenth century. There are extensive manufac- tures of machinery, flour, brass goods, locomotives, bells, glycerin, paj^er, leather, and ammunition. Population, in 1900, 28,438. WIENIAWSKI, ve-nyav'ske. Henki (1835- 80). A Polish violinist, born in Lublin. He was a pupil of Clavel and of Massart at the Paris Conservatory, iind his progress was so rapid that when only eleven years old he won the first prize. In 1848 he went with his mother to Russia and gave his first concerts in Saint Petersburg and IMoscow. In 1849 he returned to Paris, reentered the Conservatory, and took up the study of harmony under Colet, obtaining the second prize for that subject in 1850. At the age of eighteen he went on a toiir through Poland, Russia. Bel- gium, Holland, Germany, and England, and was everywhere received with enthusiasm. In 1864 he was appointed solo violinist to the Emperor of Russia, and after the retirement of Vieux- temps from the Brussels Conservatory succeeded him as professor of the violin. From 1860 to 1872 his permanent residence was in Saint Peters- burg, in the conservatory of which he taught from 1862 to 1867. Together with Anton Rubin- stein he tourcf} the United States in 1872. Most of his compositions remain in manuscript. His published works consist of two concertos, several fantasias, salon pieces, and violin studies. He died in Moscow. — His brother .To.sepii (1837 — ) was an accomplished pianist, and. after teaching and conducting musical societies in Moscow and Warsaw for several years, became professor at the Conservatory in Brussels. WIERTZ, vertz, Antoine .Tosei'II (1806-65). A Belgian painter. He was born at Dinant, and at the age of (en paintcMl a portrait witlunit any previous instruction in art. When twelve years old he is said to have discovered for him- self the art of wood-engraving. At fourteen he began to study at the .cademy of Antwerj) imder llerreyns and Van Bree. making Rubens his model, and in 1S32 won the Prix de Rome. In Italy he modeled his art >ipnn Michelangelo, and as the fruit of his assiduous reading of Homer he produced, in 1835. an enormous canvas, the "Combat Over the Body of Patrochis." thirty feet in length, with more than a dozen life-size figures. The picture, viewed by countless artists of all Uiitions, jiroduced a deep impression, and Thor- waldsen pronounced the young artist a giant. On his return W'iertz settled first at Li6ge,
