WINE. 573 WINES. vidcd according to thoir therapeutic and dietetic uses into the lieiivy sweet wines such as port, sherry, and Madeira; the lighter clarets. Burgun- dies, and acid white wines, Uliine and Moselle wines; and the sparkling wines or champagnes. Heavy wines are often used in disease instead ot whisky or brandy when an altoliolic stimulant is needed. Port is a serviceable temporary tonic in cases of debility and exhaustion, especially in old people. It may he spiced, or mulled, and di- luted. It is reputed to be unsuitable for dyspe])- tics, and those subject to gout, rheumatism, bil- iousness, or to the formation of gall stones or gravel. The clarets or Bordeaux and the Burgundies and certain red Hungarian wines, which have a wider range of usefulness, if sound and well made, are among the most wholesome wines, and are serviceable tonics for invalids or con- valescents. They contain little or no sugar and are of approved value in convalescence. The lighter varieties are best for daily consumption by brain-workers or those leading a sedentary life. Burgundy, being a much 'fuller' wine than claret, is considered useful as a tonic and blood- maker. All of these wines are best taken some- what diluted with water. The red wines, being somewhat astringent, are thought to act bene- fieially by overcoming the excessive excitability of the visceral nerves, and by conti-olling in- testinal fermentation. The white acid wines con- tain less tannin and more free acid than the red, and are reputed diuretic, especially when diluted with some alkaline mineral water, which counter- acts the excess of acidity. Champagnes or sparkling wines are good for invalids and others with extremely irritable stomachs. Champagne will often remain in the stomach when that organ will retain nothing else. It is absorbed with great rapidity and acts promptly by invigorating the nervous system. it may often be substituted with advantage for spirits when an alcoholic stimulant is indicated. Sparkling wines impede the digestion less than still ones, and when taken in moderation stimu- late the secretion of the gastric juice and the muscular action of the stomach, and slightly accelerate the speed of the chemical forces con- cerned in gastric digestion. The heavy wines retard digestion perceptibly. Bibliography. Consult Roos, ^yillr-^llll■ill<f in- Hot Countries, translated by Dubois and Wil- kinson (Victoria, 1900) ; Hussmann, Ameri- can Grape-Growinq and T]'inr-Mnl-inff (New York, 1896) ; Thud'ichum, A Treatise on Wines; Their Origin, Nature, and Varieties, nnth Viti- culture and Vinificution (Xew York, 1896). Also bulletins of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Berkeley. California, and of the Bu- reau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. WINE'BRENNEB, John (1797-1800). An American clergyman, founder of the Winebren- nerians or Church of Ood. He was born in Fred- erick County, ilaryland, was ordained as a minis- ter of the German Reformed Church in 1820, and took charge of four small congregations at and near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1827. being out of harmony with the belief and practice of this Church, lie witlfdrew. but continued to preach. In 1830, with several other preachers, he founded a new organization. (See CiiUKCii op God.) For several years he edited the Church Advocate, and published a Pronouncing Testa- ment and Gazetteer (IS.Sti); Jlrief 'iew of the Church of God (1840); Uetjeneration (1844); I'nuliiiil and Doctrinal Sermons (1880). WINEBRENNEBIANS. See CiiURCU of (•oil. WINE PALM. Sec Jupati Palm. WINER, ve'ner, Geoho Benedikt (1789- 1858). A German biblical scholar. He was liorn in Leipzig, studied at the university there, and was made professor in 1819. In 1823 he was appointed to a chair at Krlangen, but re- turned to Leipzig in 1832. He devoted himself particularly to the philological side of Bible study, and is best known for his Darstellung des I.ehrhet/riffs der verschiedenen chrisllichen Kirch- en parteien (1824: Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1873). Besides this he published a Chaldee grammar (1824; Eng. trans., Andover, 184.5) and reading-book (182.'j); liihlisches Realwijr- trrljuch (1820); Uandhuch der theologischen Litleralur (3d ed. 1838-40; supplementary vol- ume, 1842). He edited the A'ewes kriiischrs Journal der theologischen Litteratur (1824-30) and the Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theolo- (jie (1820-32). WINES, E.xocii Cobb (1806-79). A Congre- gational minister, noted for his .services to the cause of a scientific and humane system of pe- nology. He was born at Hanover, New Jersey, and graduated at Middlebury College in 182'7. After teaching in the United States Navy, at Princeton and Burlington, New Jersey, and in Philadelphia, he studied theology and' began to preach in 1849. He was pastor at Cornwall, Vermont, and East Hampton. Long Island, be- came professor of languages in Va.shington Col- lege, Pennsylvania, in 1853, and president of Saint Louis University in 1859. In 1862 he be- came .secretary of the "New York Prison Associa- tion, and of the National Prison Association in 1870. He was member of a commission appoint- ed by the State of New York to investigate the relation of free labor and prison labor. In 1871- 72 he organized in London the first international congress on prison discipline, and was an active member of many later meetings for similar pur- poses both in tihe United States and Europe. Of his published works mention may be made of T>eo Years and a Half in the Navy (1832) ; Hints on Popular Education (1838); Commen- taries on the Laws of the Ancient Hebrews (1852); The Prisons and Reformatories of the Vnited States and Canada (1867) ; .S'tofe of Pris- ons and Child-Saving institutions (1880). WINES, Frederick Howard (1838 — ). An .American sociologist, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at Washington College (Pa.), in 1857; was chaplain in the United States .rmy from 1862 to 1804, and after graduating at the Princeton Theological Seminary in ISOoi became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111. From 186!) to 1893 he was secretary, and in 1883 president, of the Illinois State Board of Conunissioners of Public Chari- tics. Besides giving much time to the work of the National Conferences of Charities and Cor- rection, the International Prison Congress, and the National Prison Association, he lectured on these subjects at Han-ard, Princeton, the Johns
