YATES. 713 YAZOO FRAUD. YATES, KoiiEUT (17:i8-lS(H). An American jurist. Ue was liorn in Sclicnectady, N. Y., was educated in New Vurk City, and in 17(10 liegan the practice of the law in Albany. Me sided with the Patriot Party on the approach of the Ucvolu- tionary War, and wrote several anti-Uritish essays (signed "The Kough llewer"), which at- tracted widespread aitention. He was a member of the Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1777, serving on the committee wliieh drew up New York's first Constitution in 1770; was a judge of the Supreme Court of New Y'ork from 1776 to 17!)S; and was Chief .lustice after 1700. In 1787, he was one of New Y'ork's tlirce dele- gates to the United States Constitutional Con- vention, but being an extreme auti-Kcderalist, soon witlulrew, after playing the part of an oI)structionist, and in the following year violently opposed the ratification of the Constitution by New Y'ork. His notes of the debates in the con- vention of 1787 were publislied at Albany in 1821 as Secret Proceeding.'! and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia in 1787. They were said by Jladison to be "prejudiced and full of gross errors." YA-TUNG, yil'toUng' (said to mean 'Hole- inthe-Valley') . A British trading-post in Tibet, near the border of Sikkim, established in 1894 in accordance with the provisions of a convention negotiated in 1800, the necessary buildings being provided by the Cliinese Govern- ment. It lies due north of Calcutta, 7 miles from the .Jelep Pass (14,700 feet) over the Southern Himalayan range, 14 from Cinatong ( 12,5:iO feet ) . in Si'kkim. where a P.rif ish garrison is maintained, and SO miles from Darjiling (7400 feet), also in Sikkim, the terminus of the Indian railway system in that direction. Y'a-tung is situated in the Chumbi Valley at an elevation of 10.480 feet above the level of the sea, and is reached from Darjiling over the Jelep Pass in seven days. The place is entirely shut in by lofty mountains and a battlemented 'Chinese wall' built across the gorge. The climate, however, is healthful; the highest temperature in 1001 was 70° F.. the lowest 10" F. The jiopulation con- sists of a Chinese-Tibetan garrison of 28, the commissioner of Chinese customs, the British resident, and an occasional trader. YATJCO, yii'oo-ko. A town on the southern coast of Porto Rico, 08 miles west of Ponce, in the midst of the important coffee-growing section of the island ( Map : Poi'to Rico, B 2 ) . Popula- tjon, in 1899, 0108. YAVAPAI, ya-vii'pl (sun people). A North American Indian tribe of Y^unian stock (q.v. ), originally an offshoot from the Mohave (q.v.) of the Colorado River, and claiming the territory between the Bill Williams fork and the Rio Verde. From their close associations with the Apache (q.v.) they were sometimes known as Apache ^Mohave. They are now gathered with the Apache on the San Carlos Reservation, Ari- zona, to the number of 470. In their aboriginal habits and characteristics they resembled the Mohave and the Apache. The majority now wear citizen's dress and fiirn a fairly good living among the whites, hiit still prefer the brushwood wikiup, which they always burn when a death takes place, the family then moving to a new location. The dead are buried in crevices of the rocks. YAVARY, ya'va-re'. Another spelling for Javary (q.v.), a tributary of the Amazon. YAWNING- (from yawn, AS. ganian, ginian, OHO, (jiiiiih,^ ginfn, Ger. giihnen, to yawn; con- nected with Lat. hiare, hiscere, OChurch Slav.. ziyali, Lith. zioli, to yawn, Olr. gin, mouth, Gk. x(i<£, eheia, hole). A long, deep, involuntary inspiration accoini)anied by unusual expansion of the chest, wide opening of the mouth, and ele- vation of the shoulders. It is generally an evi- dence of mental weariness, though it is fre- quently imitative. This modilieij respiratory movement is caused by imperfect aeration of the blood and is essentially reflex, the stimulus determining each movement acting on the re- spiratory centre. It occurs during paralysis of the muscles which raise the shoulder. Y'awning occurs in certain animals, as the dog, lion, and horse. YAWS (probably from African yaw, rasp- berry, so called because of the tubercles char- acterizing the disease). A contagious disease characterized by an eruption of white or yellow- ish tubercles, granules, or papules, topped with crusts, and sometimes becoming confluent. This eruption is found on any part of the body. The disease is common in Africa, Central America, Brazil, Guiana, the West Indies, Mozambique,. and ^Madagascar, Java, Ceylon, the Fiji Islands, and Samoa, and is found in any country to which slaves have been taken from Africa, although a tropical disease. It is also called framboesia,. pian, bubas, coko, tonga, and many other names. An attack lasts from two to six months, or for many 3'ears. Mercury, iodide of ])otassium, iron, arsenic, sarsaparilla, and sulphur are used in its treatment. Consult Nicholls, "Yaws," in Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, vol. xvi. (New York, 1899). YAZOO, yaz'oo. A river in the State of Mississippi. It originates in several bayous throw!n oil' by the Mississippi River near Friar- point, in the northwestern part of the State (Map: Mississippi, D ,5). These are reenforced by the Coldwater, Tallahatchie, Y'alobusha, and other streams from the northeast, after which the Y'azoo proper flows in a sluggish and winding southwest course through fertile bottom lands till it rejoins the Mississippi 12 miles above 'icksburg. Its total length is about 300 miles, and it is deep and navigable throughout the year. YAZOO CITY. The county-seat of Y'azoo County. Miss., 45 miles northwest of .Jackson, on the Y'azoo River, and on the Y'azoo and Mis- sissippi Valley Railroad. Cotton-growing is the leading industry of the adjacent section, and there are also important corn-growing and lum- bering interests. The principal industrial estab- lishments include a cotton mill, a eottonseed-oil mill, and a lumber mill. Population, in 1890, 3286; in 1000, 4044. YAZOO FRAUD. A term commonly ap- ■ plied to the transaction by which the State of Georgia, through an act of the Legislature of January 7, 1705, granted a large portion of her western territory chiefly to four land com- panies known as the Y'azoo Companies from the region thus deeded. The consideration^
