ZACATECAS. 754 ZACHSB. temperate, but dry. Owing to its mountainous surface, Zaeateeas lias only a limited area of cultivable land and is more favorable for graz- ing than for agriculture. In the southern part, however, there are tracts of land well adapted for the raising of cereals and cotton. The chief im- portance of the State lies in its extensive silver deposits, which have been worked since the mid- dle of the sixteenth century. The first silver mine was opened in 1548; from 1010 to ISIO at least 670,000,000 pesos were taken from the three famous mining centres of Zaeateeas, Fresnillo, and Sombrerete. There are also deposits of cop- per, lead, and quicksilver, which are worked to some extent. The chief products of the State are cotton and woolen goods, sugar, rum, and wine. The principal railroads are the Mexican Central, with its Tampico branch ; the Coahuila and Pacific; and that of the ilexican National Construction Company. Population, in 1895, 447,205. Capital, Zaeateeas. ZACATECAS. A city of the State of Zaeate- eas, Slexico, 439 miles by rail northwest of the City of Mexico, in a lofty valley some 8000 feet above the sea (ilap: Mexico, G 6). Owing to the narrowness of the valley in which it is situ- ated, the city spreads in irregular blocks, with winding streets, up the sides of the encircling hills. The cathedral, in the heart of the city, with elaborately sculptured facade, unfinished towers, and costly interior, dates from the sev- enteenth century. The plazas of Juarez and of Villareal. and the paseos of the Alameda and of Cafiada de San Francisco, add much to the charm of the city. There is a municipal palace, contain- ing an attractive courtyard, the mint, and the Calderon Theatre. Zaeateeas owes its settlement and subsequent prosperity to its silver deposits. During recent years richer veins have been dis- covered in other portions of the State, and the importance of those of Zaeateeas iiave been some- what eclipsed. Recent discoveries point, hoAvever, to an extensive future output of gold. In the reduction of the silver ore the ancient and waste- ful pulio process is still employed, though a few foreign firms have introduced modern methods. There are manufaetures of pottery, some simple household weaving, and an extensive transit trade. Population, in 1900. 39,912. Zaeateeas was founded in 1546 and became a city in 1585. The Franciscan friars from this city played an important part in the early history of Texas. The State and city opposed the centralizing policy of Santa Anna, l)ut were overthrown by him, in 1835, before he departed on his uunnorable Texas campaign. In 1871 a battle between the Government troops and a revolutionary force took place on the Hill of the Bufa. ZACH, tsilG, Fkanz Xaver, Baron (1754- 1832). A German astronomer, born in Press- burg, Hungary. He served for a short time as an ofTicer in the Austrian army, then became private tutor in London, and in 17S6 entered the service of Duke Ernst of SaxeGotlia. The Duke built an oI)8ervatory for him on the Seeberg, near Gotha, of which Zach was director (1787-1806). •Afterwards he assisted in the establishment of observatories at Naples and Lucca, and edited the Monatliche liorrcfipondcnz znr Befiirdrriirui drr Erd- und Bimmelikmide (28 vols., (lotha, 1800- 13). He also published TahnUc Motutnn Solis Tfov(S et Corrected (1792, supplemented 1804); TabulcB Specialcs Aberrationis et 'SuUitiunis ( 1806) . He also edited Allgemeine gcoijraphisehe Ephemeridcn (1790), and Correspondaiice ustro- numique (13 vols., Geneva, 1818-25). ZACHAK.IA, tsiiG'are'a, JusT Friedbicii WiLHELii (1726-77). A German poet, born at Frankenhausen. He studied jurisprudence at Leipzig and Gottingen, taught from 1748 at Brunswick, and in 1701 became professor of literature in the University of Halle. His earli- est and best work was a comic heroic poem, mod- eled on Pope, Der Rcnommist (1744), and the most noteworthy of some descriptive poems were the Tageszeiten (1755) and Die vier Stufcn den iceiblichen Alters (1757). Considerable merit attaches to his Fabeln und ErziiMungen (1771). Consult: Zimmer, Zacliarm imd sein Retiontmist (Leipzig, 1892), and Zimmermann, Fricdrich Wilhelm Zachariii in Braunschweig (Wolfenbiit- tel, 1896). ZACHAE.IAS, zak'a-ri'as. Pope 741-752. He is notable as one of the Cireek prelates by whom the destinies of Rome and Italy were much influenced in the seventh and eighth cen- turies, and was instrumental in the redemption of captives from the pagan masters by whom they had been held in slavery. Zacharias, by his interposition in more than one instance in favor of the city of Rome with the Lombard kings, contributed to that prestige of the Roman See which eventually led to its ob- taining the leadership of Italy, and in the end the temporal sovereignty of Rome and the adjoin- ing territory. He died at Rome on March 14, 752. His letters are in Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. Ixxxix., and his Greek translation of the Dia- logues of Pope Gregory the Great is in the same work, vol. Ixxvii. ZACHARIA VON LINGENTHAL, tsiiG'a- re'a ton ling'en-tal, IC^rl Salomo (1769-1843). A German jurist, born at INIeissen. He studied at first philology and philosophy, then jurispru- dence, at Leipzig, and in 1792-94 at Wittenberg, where he qualified as privat-docent and in 1797 became professor of l<iw. In 1807 he was called in the same capacity to Heidelberg. The reputa- tion which he earned with his Tlandbtich des kursiichsischen Lchnrechts (1790), and with Die Einheit dcs i^taatcs und dcr Kirrhc (1797), was greatly increased through the publication of the Ilandbuch des franziisischen OivilreChts (1808; 8th ed. 1894-95) and of Merzig liiichcr torn Htaate (1820-32; revised ed. 1839-43). Consult the biography by Brocher (Paris, 1870). His son, K.Ri. Eduard (1812-94), born at Heidelberg, was distinguished as an adapter of Byzantine law, and through his writings really established the science of Gra'Co- Roman jurisprudence. Prom- inent among them are: Delincatio Uistoricc Juris Gracco-Romani (1839) ; Gcschichte des grie- chisch-romischen Privatrcclits (1864; 3d ed. 1892) ; Jus Grneco-Romamim (1856-84). the best collection of Byzantine law books: Pnrnlipomena ad linsilica (1893) ; and an edition of Juxtiniani Novrllw (1881-84-91). ZACHER, tsiio'er. .Trr.irs (1816-87). A Ger- man philologist, born at Obernigk, in Silcsi.a. Wo studied at Breslau and Berlin and in 1856 became professor extraorclin;iry at Halle. The years 1859-63 he passed at Konigsberg as pro- fessor and university librarian, and in 1863 re-
