ZIEGLER. r75 ZILEH. for his excellent surveying and map-making of the mountainous ref;ions of liis native country. He published: Topo(]i-nphifichc Karle dcr Kantone Sanki Gallen unti Apprnzcll ( 1852) ; .-1 tins iihcr alle Teile der Ercle nach Karl Fitters Lchre (1864); Hi/psonielrischer Atlas m'li Erliiuterungen und Uohenverzeichnissen ; Ihjpsometriscke Karte der Schiveiz (1800); 'J'djiijijrdphinehe Karte der Iihsel iladeirn' (18.J0) ; TopiuiTdpliisehe Karle des Kantons Glariis (2d ed. 1809) : Topoyrnphisc.he Karte des Unter- ciir/ddin (1873) ; TJeher das Vcrh'iltnis dcr Tiipo- (iraphie ::ur Geologie (1870). Consult Geilfuss, Lchen des Geoffraphen J. M. Ziegler ( Winterthur, 1884). ZIEGLER, Ki.. . (1844—). A German ac- tress, licnn in Municli. Having made her dOlmt at Bamberg in 1802, she contracted engagements successively at Ulm, IMunieh, and at the 8tadt- theater in Leipzig, where she scored great tri- uniplis, especially as Brunhild (Hebbel's Nibe- luiujeii) , Isabella (Bride of Messina), Alaid of Orleans, and Klisabeth (Laube's Essex). In lS(iS-74 she was a member of the royal theatre in Municli and in 1870 married her former in- structor. Adolf Christen. Since then she ap- peared in starring engagements on nearly all the principal stages of Germany, Holland, and liussia. Her best roles, besides those already mentioned, were Iphigenie, Medea, Sappho, I'enthesilea, Judith, and Thusnelda (Halm's Fcchter von Ravenna), and she also imper- sonated successfully characters in high-class comedy, such as Donna Diana. As a playwright she produced the comedies Flirten (1895), Fiircht ror der Schieieffermutter (1897), and Der Tiirmer von Sankt Peter (1897). For her biography, con-sult Mayerhofer (Bamberg, 1887). ZIEGLER, Theobam (1846—). A German philosopher, born at Giippingen, Wiirtteraberg. He .studied at Tiibingen, taught successively at the g}-mnasia in Heilbronn, Winterthur, Baden- Baden, and Strassburg, qualified at the latter place as privat-docent in 1884. and was appoint- ed professor there in 1886. His most important writings include: Studien und Studienkopfe aus dcr neiiern und neuesten Littcratiirfjesehichte (1877) ; Lekrhueh der Loc/ik (1881) ; Geschichte der Ethik (1881-80): Sittliches 8ein und sittli- ehes Warden (1890, Eng. trans. 1892); Die soziale Frage eine sittliche Fraqe (0th ed. 1899) ; Das'Gefiihl (2d ed. 1898) : Die geistigcn und so::ialen Htriimnngen des 19. Jahrhunderts (2d ed. 1901) : Friedrich 'Nietzsche (1899) ; and Dcr dcvtsche Student am Ende des 19. Jahrhun- derts (8th ed. 1902). ZIEM, ze'iiN', Mlix (1821—). A French painter, born at Beaune (Cote d'Or). He studied at the art school of Dijon, and completed his artistic education by extensive travels in Haly and the Orient. He is the last representative of the branch of the Romantic school which devoted itself to portraying the life and color of Jlediter- ranean and Oriental countries. His specialty is Venice, and he renders in prismatic and iri- descent colors the singular charm of Adriatic scenery; but his style, liowever attractive in it- self, becomes monotonous through lack of va- riety. He is represented in the Luxembourg, the provincial museums of France, and in the prom- inent collections of the United States. ZIEMSSEN, tsem'scn, Hugo Wiliielm von ( 1829-1!I(I2) . A (ierman physician, horn in (Jrcifswald. He studied there, at Berlin, and at Wiirzburg. In ISO.'i he was called to Kriangen as professor of pathology and director of the clinic, and in 1874 to Munich as director of the general hospital. He made advances in electro- thera|)euties, introduced the cold water treat- ment for typhoid fever and lung indanunation, and became an ;iuflii)rity on diseases of the laryn.v and digi'slive canal. At the university he founded an institute for clinical medicine, whose val- uable reports he pulilished (1884-93). Ho wrote: Die Fleklrizitat in der Medixin (1857, 5th ed. 1887) ; I'leuritis und I'neumonie im Kindcsalter (1802); Die Kaltirasscrl)ehandliiny des Typhus (with Imnierniann, 1870); Leber die Behandlung des Magcnyescliwiirs (1871) ; I'hariuacopcea Clin- ica (oth ed. 1890; Otli ed, in Uieder's Klinisches Kezeptlaschcnbueh, 189()); Ktiiiisehe Vortriiye (1887-1900). In collaboration with prominent specialists he published his great llandbuch der speeiellen Patliuloyic und Therupie ( 17 vols., 3d ed. 1880 et seq.) and the Handbuch der all- gemeincn Therupie (4 vols,, 1880-84). Both of these works are of gi-eat value to the entire science of medicine. ZIETEN, tse'ten (ZIETHEN), Hans Joachim von (1099-1780). A Prussian general, one of the ablest of Frederick the Great's soldiers. He was born on the estate of Wustrau, in Brandenburg. His fame was ac- quired in the first two Silesian wars. As colonel of the celebrated regiment of Hussars he made his way as far as Stockerau, near Vienna, and afterwards covered the retreat of Prince Dietrich of Anhalt into Silesia (1742). During the sec- ond war he became major-general and made his famous march through the enemy's country to JUgerndorf in order to join the Margrave Charles (1745). He then won the battle of Hohenfriedberg. In 1756 the King appointed him lieutenant-general, and during the Seven Years' War he attained the height of his fame. At Reiehenberg, Prague, Kolin, and Leuthen he came off victorious, and at Torgau he ac- complished the supreme feat of storming the heights of Suptitz. Consult the biographies by Hahn (5th ed., Berlin. 1878) and Count zur Lippe-Weissenfeld (Berlin, 1880). ZIGZAG (Fr, zigzag, from Ger. zickzaek, variant reduplication of Zaeke, prong, tooth; probably connected with Eng, tack, and with Skt, daM, fringe, or with Gk. Sokos, dokos, beam ) , A decoration characteristic of the Norman style of architecture. It consists of one or more moldings rvmning in zigz,ig lines, and is used with great effect. The zigzags iire employed in great profusion, and are sometimes undercut as well as decorated with various surface patterns. Its most remarkable use is in church portals. ZILEH, zt-W (ancient Zela). A town in the Vilayet of Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, about 30 miles west-southwest of Tokat (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 2), The hill, called by Strabo the Mound of Semiramis, is crowned by the ruins of a medie- val castle. In ancient times the town was cele- brated as the seat of the temple of Ana'itis (q,v. ) and was inhabited and ruled by priests. Population, 20,000.
