ZINZENDOBF. 781 ZIONIST MOVEMENT. German settlers in the colony, but unsuccessful- ly. He returned to I'iuropc in 174ii, and for tlie next twelve years he traveled through (Jreat Brit- ain, Holland, tJernuiny, and Livonia, but made Chelse.a, England, his headiiuarlers. In 1747 he was permitted to visit Herrnluit, an<l in 1755 to return there permanently. He died at Herrnhut, May !), 1700. Zinzendorf was the author of more than 100 works in verse and prose. His writings are often incoherent or mystical. The best col- lection of Ids livmns is bv Kna])]> (Stuttgart, 1845). The Life of Zinzendorf has been written by Spangenberg (liarby, 1772-75; aliridged Eng. trans., London, 18.18) : Verbcck ((inadau, 1845) ; Bovet (Eng. trans.. The Baiii-slied Count, Lon- don, 1805): Tewiek (Heidelberg. 1882); Varn- hagcn von Ense (Leipzig, 1887) ; and Riimer (Gnadau, 1000). Consult also Schrantenbach, Der Graf von Zin::cndorf und die Briidergemeinde seiner Zeit (Gnadau, 1851) ; Burkhardt, Zinzen- dorf und die Briideriiemeinde (Gotha, 1800) ; riitt, Zinzendorf's Theologie (ib., 1809-74) ; Becker, Zinzendorf im Verhiiltnis zu Philosophie nnd Kirclientum seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1880). -See Moravians. ZION (Heb. Siiiyon). The name of the acrop- olis of the JebusitcSj taken by David, who made it his residence and strengthened and extended it (IL Sam. V. 0-0; I. Chron. xi. 4-8). Christian tradition has located Zion upon the western and higher of the two hills on which .Jerusalem is built, and this view is still adhered to by some scholars. An identification with the eastern or temple hill, however, agrees better with the nat- ural conditions, the Old Testament references, and Jewish tr.adition. Just where on this hill (lie citadel stood cannot be determined without extensive excavations. In course of time the name Zion lost its narrower significance, and, in the Prophets, often stands for Jerusalem, while 'daughter of Zion' means the Jewish people. See Jerusalem. ZIONIST MOVEMENT. A movement which has for its object — to quote Dr. Theodore Herzl, the founder and leader of modern Zionism — "the creation of a home secured by public riglits for those Jews who cannot or will not he assimilated by the country of their adoption." It is a direct consequence of the anti-Semitic agitation. (See Anti-Semitism.) The misery caused by the re- lentless policy of persecution adopted by Russia against a .Jewish population estimated at 5.000,- 000 souls presents in itself a problem for which apparently the Zionists alone have proclaimed a comprehensive solution. Ever since their dispersion the faithful ortho- dox of the .Jews have found consolation in the re- ligious hope that the promises of the ancient prophets will finally be realized, that the Jlessiah will apjiear to lend the children of Israel back to the Holy I^and of their fathers. The religious nature of this Messianic Zionism has. in fact, been the ground for strong opposition to the present movement on the part of those who, like Chief Ttabbi Dr. Adler.of England, have de- nounced it as an attempt to forestall Divine Providence. The history of the Jews, however, shows that the Messianic faith was not incompatible with active attempts at repatriation. Thus Bar Coch- bafcj.v.) ( 117-1.38)base(l his all but successful re- volt against the Romans on the Messianic proph- ecy, and was supported in )iis claims by the great Rabbi Akibah. At later periods a numlier of I'seudo-Messialis were created by the restlessness or mysticism of their times reacting upon the despair of the .Jewish people. See Messiah. The most remarkable of all the Pseudo-Mes- siahs was Sabbatliai Zewi, whose self-proclama- tion at Smyrna (1000) threw the .Jewish people into a state of hysteric excitement which long outlasted his downfall, and was not entirely al- layed until the influence of Moses Mendelssohn (q.v.) a hundred years later turned Jewish hope into a new direction. Under theinduenceof theMendelssohnian school, and the growing tendency toward toleration, the old Messianic mj'sticism gave way before the passion with which the Jews turned toward the acquisition of Occidental culture, in the hope of being permitted to become integral parts of the nations among which they lived. The new .Jew- ish culture originating in this period developed, however, a new and broader race consciousness, and correspondingly an historical and sentimental interest in Palestine, w-hich manifested itself in efl'orts at colonization by philanthropists such as Moses Montcfiore and by associations such as the 'Alliance Israelite Universelle.' which efforts wei'e encouraged by a number of British states- men. After the Russian riots of 1881, and the enactment of the barbarous May Laws, a great impetus was given to the colonization movement by the formation of the international society 'Lovers of Zion,' which, aided by the Rothschild family, and by Baron de Hirsch and his Jewish Colonial Association, succeeded to the extent that in 1898 there were in Palestine 25 Jewish colonics. The planting of isolated colonies in Palestine failed to hold the general interest of the .Jewish people. As a relief for the condition of the Eastern Jews, the colonies in Palestine and else- where are insignificant. The Jlendelssohnian ideals of culture, too, had ap])arently failed as a solution of the vexed Jewish problem. Con- tinental Judaism was in despair, wdien in the spring of 1800 there appeared from the pen of Dr. Theodore I-Jerzl, a Viennese journalist and playwright, simultaneously in English, French, and German, a pamphlet entitled '"The .Jewish State." It was therein proposed that Palestine should be obtained from the Sultan of Turkey, the holy places made extraterritorial, and a Jewish autonomous State, the organization and government of which were set forth in detail, es- tablished luidcr Turkish suzerainty and the guarantee of the Great Powers. This w-as the beginning of the present Zionist movement.. As a result of the ])rofound sensation created by this pamphlet, the first Zionist Con- gress was held at Basel, Switzerland, in August, 1897. when 200 delegates represented .Jews of all nationalities, and all political and religious con- victions. The political programme adopted at this congress, the basis upon which the move- ment now rests, begins as follows: "Zionism aims at- establishing for the Jewish people a inihlich/ and Icf/allii assured home in Palestine." Among the means to be adopted for the attain- ment of this end, the programme specifies "the promotion of the settlement of .Jewish agricul-
