ZUYDEB ZEE. 806 ZWINGLI. connecting the present peninsulas of North Hol- land and Friesland, and having a continuous coast-line now indicated by the outer line of the Frisian Islands. The lake received the River Yssel, and had a narrow outlet between the present islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. Several severe storms, the principal occurring in the thirteenth century, caused the North Sea to break through the line of dunes at several places and inundate the lowlands between it and the lake, converting the latter into an arm of the sea. This origin explains the remarkable shal- lowness of the Zuyder Zee, especially of the outer portion, where large sand and mud flats are exposed at low tide. The m'ean depth of the inner portion is about 12 feet and the maximum 20, while over large areas the depth is three feet or less at low tide. The strait connecting the inner and outer portions, and the main channels leading into the open sea have, however, a depth of 30 tn 40 feet. Since the Zuyder Zee is accord- ingly unimportant for navigation, the main ship- route to Amsterdam being through canals lead- ing directly from the North Sea, and since the fisheries have also declined, it has been proposed to reclaim the inner sea by damming and drain- ing it. A commission rendered favorable reports in 1894 and 1897: and in 1900 a bill was intro- duced providing for the work, but it was with- drawn in the following year. The work was estimated to require .32 Tears for completion and to cost about $.36,000,000, which the Government expected to recover by the sale of the reclaimed land. ZVENIGOKODKA, zva'nye-ga-rot'ka. A dis- trict town in tlic Government of Kiev, Eussia, 12.5 miles south of Kiev (Map: Russia, D 5). Popu- lation, in 1897, 16,972. ZWEIBRtiCKEKT, tsvibrukVn (Fr. Dectc- PoNT.s). A town of the Rhenish Palatinate, Ba- varia, on the Schwarzbach, 66 miles southwest of Mainz (Map: Germany, B 4). It is well built, its principal building being the Alexanders- kirche, with the ducal burial vaults. The chief manufactures include silk-plush, steam engines, and agricultural machiner}', paper, chains, and leather. Population, in 1900, 13,716. The town was the capital of the Duchy of Zweibriicken, which arose in the Middle Ages and existed down to the clo^o of the eighteenth century. ZWICKAU, tsvik'ou. A town in the King- dom of Saxony, situated on the left bank of the Zwickau !Mulde, 20 miles by rail southwest of Chemnitz (Map: Germany, E 3). It is a quaint old city. The Gothic Church of ]Iary, dating from 1453 and restored in late times^ is a notable structure. Other features of Zwickau are the house where Schimann was born, several fine old edifices, and the ancient chSteau used as a peni- tentiary. There are a mining school and a col- lection of paintings. The manufacturing interests are important. ^Machinery, pajier, and glass are among the varied productions. Trade is active. The adjacent coal mines are extensively exploited. The annual output is $5,000,000. Population, in 1900, 55,825. ZWIEBINECK VON StJDENHORST, tsve'- (lf-nf>k f.'m zii'dtn-horst, Hans (1845—). An Austrian historian, born in Frankfort. He was educated at Gratz, became privat-docent in the university there (1875), and in 1885 was ap- pointed professor of history. He completed Adam Violt'a Oesterreich unter Maria Theresia, Josef II. ttnd Leopold II. (1882-84). Indepen- dently he published Dorflehen im IS. Jahrhundert (1877) ; Die Politik dcr Republik Venedig iciih- rend des dreissigjiilirigen Krieges (1882-85); Die iiffentUche Meinung in Deulschland im Zritalier Ludicigs XIV. (1888); Deutsche Ge- schichle im Zeitraum der Griindung des preus- sischcn Kijnigtums (1890-94); Deutsche Ge- xcliichte von dcr Aiiflosung des alien his zur Griindung des neuen Iteichs (1895-1903). The last two appeared in the Bihliothelc deutscher Ge- schiclite. which the author began to issue in 1887. Venedig als Weltmacht tind Weltstadt (1899) is his most recent work. ZWINGLI, tsving'le, Ulrich or Huldreicii (1484-1.331). The leader of the Protestant Ref- ormation in Switzerland. He was born at Wild- haus, in the Toggenburg Valley, where his father was the Ammann of the village, a man of sub- stance, who gave his son the best available edu- cation. Zwingli was directed from an early stage to the liberal humanistic methods of study, and formed his taste and judgment in this en- lightened school. He spent two years at the University of Vienna and then studied at Basel, where he took his bachelor's degree at twenty and his master's degree at twenty-two. In 1506 he was made parish priest at Glarus and held this place for ten years. Glarus was one of the most important centres for the recruiting of young men for the various armies of Europe, and Zwingli entered into this foreign service as a field chaplain. This experience gave him at once an intimate acquaintance with Swiss public life and a settled conviction that the service in for- eign armies was ruining the character of his countrymen. He opposed it so vigorously that he roused the enmity of all those classes wdio were thriving on this industry and was compelled to leave Glarus. At Einsiedeln he found new oppor- tunities for study and began to shape his views on the questions afterwards to be of most im- portance in the Reformation. His conclusions on these matters were reached quite independently and before Luther had begun to express himself publicly. In comparison with other Reformation leaders Zwingli appears primarily as the man of plain common sense, repelled by the abuses of the Church, inclined to remove from the daily prac- tice of religion whatever seemed to interfere with the purity of original Christianity as he under- stood it, but, on the other hand, steadily oppos- ing every form of fanaticism. His feeling of identity with his people was intenseandgoverned his action throughout his life. His first oppor- tunity to express his views of reform came, as it did with Luther, on the preaching of an indul- gence. It is characteristic of the po|iular char- acter of the Swiss reform that Zwingli was re- quested by the Bishop of Constance to preach against the abuse, and he did it with such effect that the commissioner was obliged to leave the canton. Tn 1519 he accejited a call to become 'priest of the people' at the Gross-Minister in Zurich, a place of much importance, where his novel method of preaching according to the Scripture itself rather than according to for-
