have a Gerundive, ūtendus is found because ūtŏr once took an Acc.; so frŭendŭs, pŏtiundŭs, etc. paenĭtendŭs to be regretted, pŭdendŭs to be ashamed of, are irregularities.
Participles.
§ 364. As already said, the Participles express time relative to that of the leading Verb.
The Present Participle expresses an action still going on. The Perfect expresses an action that is finished; but it is often to be translated by an English Present Participle, the English idiom being less exact than the Latin.
| Mŏrĭēns intŭs iăcĕt; mortŭŭs effĕrētŭr | A He lies dying within; when he has died, he will be carried out. |
| Tūtum rătŭs rĕversŭs sum | Thinking it safe, I returned. |
| Rŏgātŭs quĭs essĕt nescīrĕ sē dīxĭt | Being asked who he was, he said "I don't know." |
§ 365. There being no Present Participle Passive, its place is supplied by using a Dependent Sentence.
| Cum ā Cătōnĕ laudābăr, rĕprĕhendī mē ā cētĕrīs făcĭlĕ pătĭēbăr | When praised by Cato, I readily submitted to being censured by the rest.}} |
§ 366. There being no Perfect Participle Active except in Deponent Verbs, either
(a) A Dependent sentence, or
(b) The Perfect Participle Passive is used instead.
| (a) Caesăr, postquam vēnĭt, Rhēnum trānsĭrĕ cōnstĭtŭit | Cæsar, having arrived, decided to cross the Rhine. |
| (b) Manĭŭs Galium caesum torquĕ spŏlĭāvĭt | Having killed the Gaul,Manilus stripped him of his chain. |
§ 367. The Participle and its Noun often go so closely together as to form one idea, which is expressed in English by means of a Verbal Noun.
| Occīsŭs Caesăr multīs pessĭmum făcĭnŭs vĭdēbātŭr | The killing of Cæsar (lit. Cæser killed) seemed to many a very wicked deed. |
| Iniūstī ŏnĕrĭs impŏsĭtī tŭă culpă est, mĕă rĕceptī | The fault of imposing an excessive burden is yours, that of taking it up is mine. |
