Page:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 Volume 3.djvu/468

ⅭⅭⅭⅬⅠ. James Madison to Henry Lee.^[1]

Montpellier, June 25, 1824.

What a metamorphosis would be produced in the code of law if all its ancient phraseology were to be taken in its modern sense! And that the language of our Constitution is already undergoing interpretations unknown to its founders will, I believe, appear to all unbiased inquirers into the history of its origin and adoption. Not to look farther for an example, take the word “consolidate,” in the Address of the convention prefixed to the Constitution. It there and then meant to give strength and solidity to the union of the States. In its current and controversial application, it means a destruction of the States by transfusing their powers into the government of the Union.

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ⅭⅭⅭⅬⅡ. James Madison to Henry Lee.^[2]

Montpellier, January 14, 1825.

In our complex system of polity, the public will, as a source of authority, may be the will of the people as composing one nation; or the will of the States in their distinct and independent capacities; or the federal will, as viewed, for example, through the Presidential electors, representing, in a certain proportion, both the nation and the States. If, in the eventual choice of a President, the same proportional rule had been preferred, a joint ballot by the two houses of Congress would have been substituted for the mode which gives an equal vote to every State, however unequal in size. As the Constitution stands, and is regarded as the result of a compromise between the larger and smaller States, giving to the latter the advantage in selecting a President from the candidates, in consideration of the advantage possessed by the former in selecting the candidates from the people, it cannot be denied, whatever may be thought of the constitutional provision, that there is, in making the eventual choice, no other control on the votes to be given, whether by the representatives of the smaller or larger States, but their attention to the views of their respective constituents and their regard for the public good.

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ⅭⅭⅭⅬⅢ. T.W. Cobb in the United States Senate.^[3]

February 23, 1825.

Having said thus much concerning the nature of the Federal Government, the limitations of its powers, the rule by which the

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1. Letters and other Writings of James Madison, Ⅲ, 442–443.
2. Letters and other Writings of James Madison, Ⅲ, 479.
3. Register of Debates in Congress, Ⅰ, 1824–1825, 652–653.