who are agitated to such a degree by violent passion, that they feel no pain, and pay no regard to the impressions made on their senses, so must we believe it to be with this sense, which we therefore distinguish from the proper animal sense. Now such a sense do we observe in zoophytes or plant-animals, in sponges, the sensitive plant, &c.
Wherefore, as many animals are endowed with both sense and motion without having a common sensorium or brain, such as earthworms, caterpillars of various kinds, chrysalides, &c., so also do certain natural actions take place in the embryo and even in ourselves without the agency of the brain, and a certain sensation takes place without consciousness. And as medical writers teach that the natural differ from the animal actions, so by parity of reason does the natural sense of touch differ from the animal sense of touch, it constitutes, in a word, another species of touch ; and whilst the one is communicated to the common sensorium, the other is not so communicated.
Further, it is one thing for a muscle to be contracted and moved, and another for it by regulated contractions and relax- ations to perform any movement, such as progression or prehen- sion. The muscles or organs of motion, when affected with spasms or convulsions from an irritating cause, are assuredly moved no otherwise than the decapitated cock or hen, which is agitated with many convulsive movements of its legs and wings, but all confused and without a purpose, because the controlling power of the brain has been taken away : common sensation has disappeared, under the controlling influence of which these motions were formerly coordinated to progression by walking or to flight.
We therefore conceive the fact to be that all the natu- ral motions proceed from the power of the heart, and depend on it ; the spontaneous motions, however, and those that com- plete any motion which physicians entitle an animal motion, cannot be performed without the controlling influence of the brain and common sensation. For inasmuch as by this com- mon sensation we are conscious of our perceptions, so also are we conscious that we move, and this whether the motion be regular or otherwise.
We have an excellent example of both of these kinds of motion in respiration. For the lungs, like the heart, are con-
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