border Slave States, though in special cases the resistance of slavery to a competition of free labour is more easily overcome. In proportion as this is the case, the cost of production is less, the value of production greater, the comfort of the people is greater; they are advancing in wealth as they are in intelligence, which is the best form or result of wealth.
I went on my way into the so-called cotton States, within
which I travelled over, first and last, at least three thousand
miles of roads, from which not a cotton plant was to be seen,
and the people living by the side of which certainly had not
been made rich by cotton or anything else. And for every
mile of road-side upon which I saw any evidence of cotton
production, I am sure that I saw a hundred of forest or waste
land, with only now and then an acre or two of poor corn half
smothered in weeds; for every rich man's house, I am sure
that I passed a dozen shabby and half-furnished cottages, and
at least a hundred cabins—mere hovels, such as none but
a poor farmer would house his cattle in at the North. And
I think that, for every man of refinement and education with
whom I came in contact, there were a score or two superior
only in the virtue of silence, and in the manner of self-complacency,
to the sort of people we should expect to find
paying a large price for a place from which a sight could be
got at a gallows on an execution day at the North, and a
much larger number of what poor men at the North would
themselves describe as poor men: not that they were destitute
of certain things which are cheap at the South,—fuel for instance,—but
that they were almost wholly destitute of things
the possession of which, at the North, would indicate that a
man had begun to accumulate capital—more destitute of these,
on an average, than our day-labourers. In short, except in
