arises from a thin crust of carbonate of lead being formed; for the crust dissolves with brisk effervescence in acetic acid. The formation of carbonate is accelerated by moisture and probably by the presence of an unusual proportion of carbonic acid in the air.
The action of water on lead, which is of much greater consequence, has been made the subject of observation by the curious for many ages. The Roman architect, Vitruvius, who, it is believed, nourished in the time of Cæsar and Augustus, forbids the use of this metal for conducting water, because cerusse, he says, is formed on it, which is hurtful to the human body.[1] Galen also condemns the use of lead pipes, because he was aware, that water transmitted through them contracted a muddiness from the lead, and those who drank such water were subject to dysentery.[2] If we trace the sciences of architecture, chemistry, and medicine downwards from these periods, nothing more will be found than a repetition of the statements of Vitruvius and Galen, with but a few particular facts in support of them, till we arrive at the close of the last and beginning of the present century.
The first person that examined the subject minutely, was Dr. Lambe of Warwick; who inferred from his researches, that most, if not all, spring waters possess the power of corroding and dissolving lead to such an extent as to be rendered unfit for the use of man, and that this solvent power is imparted to them by some of their saline ingredients.[3] The inquiry was afterwards undertaken more scientifically by Guyton-Morveau; who, in opposition to Dr. Lambe, arrived at the conclusion, that distilled water, the purest of all waters, acts rapidly on lead by converting it into a hydrated oxide, and that some natural waters, which hardly attack lead at all, are prevented doing so by the salts they hold in solution.[4] A few years later Dr. Thomson of Glasgow also examined the subject, and, assenting to Dr. Lambe's proposition, that most spring waters attack lead, maintains nevertheless that the lead is only held in suspension, not in solution; and that the quantity suspended in such waters, after they have passed through lead pipes, pumps, and cisterns, is too minute to prove injurious to those who make habitual use of them.[5] In the first edition of this work an extended account was given of an investigation I made into the whole subject of the action of different waters on lead.[6] Additional observations were afterwards published on the same point by Captain Yorke,[7] and by Mr. Taylor.[8] And I have added some new facts in a late paper.[9]
- ↑ Vitruv. de Architectura, L. viii. c. 7, Quot modis ducantur aquæ. Editio Dun. Barbari, 1567, pp. 262, 265.
- ↑ De Medic. secundum locos, lvii.
- ↑ Researches into the Properties of Spring Waters, 1803, p. 193.
- ↑ Annales de Chim. lxxi. 197, l'an 1809.
- ↑ Experiments in Scudamore's analysis of Tunbridge Water, 1816.
- ↑ A Treatise on Poisons, &c. First Edition, 1829.
- ↑ Philosophical Magazine. Third Series, v. 81, 1834.
- ↑ Guy's-Hospital Reports, 1838, iii. 60.
- ↑ Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1842, xv. 265.
